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| name = Klaas Knot
| name = Klaas Knot
| birth_name = Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot
| birth_name = Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|4|14}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bedum, Netherlands
| birth_place = Bedum, Netherlands
| nationality = Dutch
| nationality = Dutch
| occupation = Economist, central banker, academic
| occupation = Economist, central banker, academic
| known_for = President of [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] (2011–2025), Chair of the [[Financial Stability Board]] (2021–2025)
| known_for = President of De Nederlandsche Bank (2011–2025), Chair of the Financial Stability Board (2021–2025)
| education = [[University of Groningen]]
| education = University of Groningen
| title = Professor of Monetary Stability, [[University of Amsterdam]]
| title = Professor of Monetary Stability, University of Amsterdam; Honorary Professor, University of Groningen
| awards =  
| awards =  
| website =  
| website =  
}}
}}


'''Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot''' (born 14 April 1967) is a Dutch economist, central banker, and academic who served as president of [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] (DNB), the central bank of the Netherlands, from 1 July 2011 until 30 June 2025. During his fourteen-year tenure — the maximum two terms of seven years each permitted under Dutch law — Knot became one of Europe's most prominent figures in monetary policy and financial regulation. In his capacity as DNB president, he served as a member of the Governing Council of the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB) and as a member of the board of governors of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). From December 2021 until July 2025, Knot simultaneously served as chair of the [[Financial Stability Board]] (FSB), the international body that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system. Beyond his central banking responsibilities, Knot holds academic positions as Professor of Monetary Stability at the [[University of Amsterdam]] and honorary professor at the [[University of Groningen]]. As of February 2026, Knot has been identified as one of the leading candidates to succeed [[Christine Lagarde]] as president of the European Central Bank.
'''Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot''' (born 14 April 1967) is a Dutch economist, central banker, and academic who served as president of [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] (DNB), the central bank of the Netherlands, from 1 July 2011 until 30 June 2025. During his fourteen-year tenure — the maximum of two seven-year terms permitted under Dutch law — Knot navigated the institution through the European sovereign debt crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a period of historic inflation and monetary tightening across the eurozone. In his capacity as DNB president, he served as a member of the Governing Council of the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB) and as a member of the board of governors of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>{{cite web |title=IMF Members |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> From December 2021 until July 2025, Knot simultaneously served as chair of the [[Financial Stability Board]] (FSB), succeeding Randal Quarles in that role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair |url=https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2018-11 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> He also holds academic positions as Professor of Monetary Stability at the [[University of Amsterdam]] and honorary professor at the [[University of Groningen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/ |publisher=Folia Web |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> As of early 2026, Knot is considered one of the front-runners to succeed Christine Lagarde as president of the European Central Bank.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot was born on 14 April 1967 in [[Bedum]], a small town in the province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] in the northern Netherlands.<ref name="nu">{{cite news |title=Klaas Knot wordt nieuwe president DNB |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522082649/http://www.nu.nl/economie/2519839/klaas-knot-wordt-nieuwe-president-dnb.html |work=NU.nl |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> Bedum is a municipality situated approximately ten kilometres north of the city of Groningen. Knot grew up in this region of the Netherlands, which has historically been characterized by its agricultural economy and relatively modest scale compared to the urban centres of the [[Randstad]] in the western part of the country. His upbringing in the northern provinces would later be contrasted with the trajectory that brought him to the highest echelons of European central banking and international financial governance.
Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot was born on 14 April 1967 in [[Bedum]], a small town in the province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] in the northern Netherlands. Little has been publicly documented about his early family life or upbringing, though his roots in the northern Netherlands would later be reflected in his longstanding affiliation with the University of Groningen, where he both studied and eventually held an honorary professorship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot — Staff page |url=https://www.rug.nl/staff/k.h.w.knot/ |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==


Knot pursued his higher education at the [[University of Groningen]], the main research university in his home province.<ref name="rug">{{cite web |title=Prof. K.H.W. Knot |url=https://www.rug.nl/staff/k.h.w.knot/ |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> He studied economics at the university, where he developed the expertise in monetary economics and financial policy that would define his subsequent career. Knot's academic relationship with the University of Groningen has remained a lasting one; he later returned to the institution in an honorary professorial capacity, maintaining formal ties with the university throughout his career in central banking.<ref name="rug" />
Knot received his higher education at the [[University of Groningen]], where he studied economics. His academic training focused on monetary economics and macroeconomic policy, subjects that would form the foundation of his subsequent career in central banking and economic policymaking.<ref name="rug">{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot — Staff page |url=https://www.rug.nl/staff/k.h.w.knot/ |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> German national bibliographic records identify academic publications associated with Knot, confirming his scholarly output alongside his policy career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot — DNB entry |url=https://d-nb.info/gnd/171046609 |publisher=Deutsche Nationalbibliothek |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== Career ==
== Career ==
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=== Early Career and De Nederlandsche Bank ===
=== Early Career and De Nederlandsche Bank ===


Prior to his appointment as president, Knot built a career within the Dutch and international financial policy establishment. His professional trajectory included work in economic policy and financial regulation, which positioned him as a candidate for the top role at De Nederlandsche Bank. In 2011, it was announced that Knot would become the new president of DNB, succeeding [[Nout Wellink]], who had held the position since 1997.<ref name="nu" /> The appointment was reported by Dutch media outlets and marked the arrival of a relatively young central banker — Knot was 44 years old at the time — to lead one of Europe's oldest and most respected central banking institutions.<ref name="nu" />
Prior to his appointment as president, Knot built a career within the Dutch financial policy establishment. His trajectory brought him into close contact with both domestic economic policymaking and international monetary institutions, positioning him as a candidate for the top post at the Dutch central bank.
 
In May 2011, it was announced that Knot would become the new president of De Nederlandsche Bank, succeeding [[Nout Wellink]].<ref name="nu">{{cite news |title=Klaas Knot wordt nieuwe president DNB |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522082649/http://www.nu.nl/economie/2519839/klaas-knot-wordt-nieuwe-president-dnb.html |work=NU.nl |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> At the time of his appointment, Knot was not widely known outside economic policy circles, but his selection was seen as a choice for technical expertise and sound economic judgment during a period of considerable financial turbulence in Europe.


=== Presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank (2011–2025) ===
=== Presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank (2011–2025) ===


Knot assumed the presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 July 2011, taking over from Nout Wellink at a time when the European sovereign debt crisis was placing significant stress on the financial systems of the eurozone.<ref name="dnb14">{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot: 14 years in 14 figures (and 5 videos) |url=https://www.dnb.nl/en/general-news/news-2025/klaas-knot-14-years-in-14-figures-and-5-videos/ |publisher=De Nederlandsche Bank |date=2025-06-30 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> His tenure would span fourteen years — two full terms of seven years each, the constitutional maximum — during which the European and global financial landscape underwent substantial transformation.<ref name="dnb14" />
Knot formally assumed the presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 July 2011, stepping into the role at a critical juncture for European monetary policy.<ref name="nu" /> The eurozone was in the grip of a sovereign debt crisis that threatened the stability of the common currency and the financial systems of several member states. As president of DNB, Knot became a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank, participating in the decisions that shaped the ECB's response to the crisis, including its unconventional monetary policy measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Council — ECB |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/orga/decisions/govc/html/index.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


As president of DNB, Knot was responsible for overseeing the Netherlands' monetary policy implementation, financial supervision, and the stability of the Dutch payment system. DNB serves as the central bank of the Netherlands within the [[Eurosystem]], meaning that its president automatically holds a seat on the Governing Council of the European Central Bank, the body responsible for setting monetary policy for the entire eurozone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Council |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/orga/decisions/govc/html/index.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
Within the ECB Governing Council, Knot developed a reputation as a voice for fiscal discipline and sound monetary policy. He was associated with the more hawkish members of the council, particularly during the extended period of low interest rates and quantitative easing that characterised ECB policy from 2014 onward. As DNB president, Knot consistently advocated for the importance of price stability as the ECB's primary mandate.


During his time at DNB, Knot navigated the institution through multiple major economic and financial challenges, including the aftermath of the European sovereign debt crisis, the implementation of unconventional monetary policy measures by the ECB, the economic shock of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the inflationary surge that followed the pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Throughout these episodes, Knot was known within European central banking circles for his positions on monetary policy, particularly regarding the appropriate stance of interest rates and the use of asset purchase programmes.
Knot's first term of seven years was followed by a reappointment for a second seven-year term, the maximum permitted by Dutch law. His tenure ultimately spanned from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2025 — a total of fourteen years at the helm of the Dutch central bank. De Nederlandsche Bank itself summarised his presidency in a retrospective feature published on the day of his departure, titled "Klaas Knot: 14 years in 14 figures (and 5 videos)."<ref name="dnb-farewell">{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot: 14 years in 14 figures (and 5 videos) |url=https://www.dnb.nl/en/general-news/news-2025/klaas-knot-14-years-in-14-figures-and-5-videos/ |publisher=De Nederlandsche Bank |date=2025-06-30 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


De Nederlandsche Bank marked the conclusion of Knot's presidency with a retrospective feature, summarizing his fourteen years through key statistics and milestones.<ref name="dnb14" /> He formally handed over the presidential responsibilities to his successor, [[Olaf Sleijpen]], on 30 June 2025.<ref name="dnb14" />
Over the course of his presidency, Knot oversaw significant transformations in the European monetary landscape. These included the ECB's transition from crisis-era accommodative policies to a period of monetary tightening beginning in 2022, prompted by a surge in inflation across the eurozone following the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy price shock associated with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Knot was a prominent advocate within the Governing Council for timely interest rate increases to combat inflation.


=== European Central Bank Governing Council ===
In October 2025, the ECB held a symposium in Amsterdam marking Knot's departure from the Governing Council, with ECB officials paying tribute to his contributions to European monetary policy and financial stability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> His successor as DNB president was Olaf Sleijpen, who took office on 1 July 2025.<ref name="dnb-farewell" />


As president of DNB, Knot served as a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank for the entirety of his fourteen-year tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Council |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/orga/decisions/govc/html/index.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> The Governing Council, which comprises the six members of the ECB's Executive Board and the governors of the national central banks of the eurozone countries, is the primary decision-making body of the ECB.
=== International Roles ===


Within the Governing Council, Knot was generally identified with the more hawkish contingent of central bankers — those inclined to prioritize price stability and to exercise caution regarding expansionary monetary policy measures. This positioning reflected both the traditional orientation of Dutch central banking and Knot's own analytical framework regarding inflation risks and monetary transmission mechanisms.
Beyond his duties at DNB, Knot held a number of significant international positions. As DNB president, he served on the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund, representing the Netherlands in that capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMF Members |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


Upon Knot's departure from DNB, the ECB held a symposium in Amsterdam on 3 October 2025 to mark the occasion. The event featured a speech on "Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience," and Knot was described as "an outstanding colleague" whose contributions to European monetary policy had been significant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
Knot was also a member of the board of directors of the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS), the international institution that serves as a forum for central banks.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIS Board of Directors |url=https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm?m=1%7C2%7C2 |publisher=Bank for International Settlements |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


=== International Monetary Fund ===
He served as a member of the General Board of the [[European Systemic Risk Board]] (ESRB), the European Union body responsible for macroprudential oversight of the financial system.<ref>{{cite web |title=ESRB General Board — Permanent Members |url=https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/Perm_memb_GB.pdf |publisher=European Systemic Risk Board |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


In his capacity as president of the Dutch central bank, Knot also served as a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<ref>{{cite web |title=IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> The IMF board of governors, which typically consists of one governor and one alternate governor from each member country, is the highest decision-making body of the Fund. Central bank governors and finance ministers commonly serve in this capacity for their respective nations.
Knot was also listed as a member of the [[Trilateral Commission]], a non-governmental policy discussion forum bringing together leaders from North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trilateral Commission Members List |url=http://trilateral.org/download/files/membership/TC_list_3_23.pdf |publisher=Trilateral Commission |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


=== Chair of the Financial Stability Board (2021–2025) ===
=== Chair of the Financial Stability Board (2021–2025) ===


On 2 December 2021, Knot assumed the chairmanship of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), succeeding [[Randal Quarles]] of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair |url=https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2018-11 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> The FSB is an international body established in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, hosted by the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. It monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system, coordinating the work of national financial authorities and international standard-setting bodies.
On 2 December 2021, Knot became the chair of the [[Financial Stability Board]] (FSB), an international body established after the 2008 financial crisis to monitor and make recommendations about the global financial system. He succeeded Randal Quarles, who had previously served as vice chair for supervision at the U.S. Federal Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair |url=https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2018-11 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
 
As FSB chair, Knot oversaw the organization's work on a range of systemic risk issues, including the implications of non-bank financial intermediation (sometimes referred to as "shadow banking"), the financial stability dimensions of climate change, the regulation of crypto-assets, and the risks posed by leverage and liquidity mismatches in the financial system.
 
In June 2025, shortly before the end of his tenure as FSB chair, Knot delivered remarks at the Bank of Spain and CEMFI Fifth Conference on Financial Stability in Madrid, titled "How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability."<ref>{{cite web |title=How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability |url=https://www.fsb.org/2025/06/how-is-the-water-continuing-our-work-to-preserve-financial-stability/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> In these remarks, Knot addressed ongoing efforts to maintain financial stability in a period of heightened uncertainty. He concluded his term as FSB chair on 1 July 2025, with [[Andrew Bailey]], Governor of the [[Bank of England]], succeeding him in the role.


=== Bank for International Settlements ===
As FSB chair, Knot oversaw the board's work on a range of issues pertinent to global financial stability, including the regulation of non-bank financial intermediation, the financial risks associated with climate change, and the implications of digital innovation for financial stability. His tenure at the FSB coincided with a period of rising geopolitical tensions and trade policy uncertainty, themes he addressed in public remarks.


In connection with his various international roles, Knot also served on the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the international financial institution that serves as a bank for central banks and hosts the FSB secretariat.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIS Board of Directors |url=https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm?m=1%7C2%7C2 |publisher=Bank for International Settlements |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
In June 2025, in one of his final public appearances as FSB chair, Knot delivered remarks at the Bank of Spain and CEMFI Fifth Conference on Financial Stability in Madrid, titled "How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability." In the speech, he reflected on the FSB's ongoing work and the challenges to global financial stability.<ref>{{cite web |title=How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability |url=https://www.fsb.org/2025/06/how-is-the-water-continuing-our-work-to-preserve-financial-stability/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


=== European Systemic Risk Board ===
Knot's term as FSB chair ended on 1 July 2025, and he was succeeded by Andrew Bailey, the Governor of the Bank of England.


Knot was a member of the General Board of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), the EU body responsible for macroprudential oversight of the European financial system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Permanent members of the General Board |url=https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/Perm_memb_GB.pdf |publisher=European Systemic Risk Board |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> Membership in the ESRB General Board follows from the position of national central bank governor within the EU.
In April 2025, shortly before the conclusion of his terms at both DNB and the FSB, Knot delivered a lecture at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, D.C., on the topic of "Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world," addressing issues of geopolitical and trade policy uncertainty affecting the eurozone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world |url=https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world |publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
 
=== Other International Engagements ===
 
Beyond his formal institutional roles, Knot was an active participant in international policy forums and multilateral dialogue on economic and financial issues. He appeared as a member of the [[Trilateral Commission]], a non-governmental policy discussion group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trilateral Commission Membership List |url=http://trilateral.org/download/files/membership/TC_list_3_23.pdf |publisher=Trilateral Commission |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
 
In April 2025, in his final months as both DNB president and FSB chair, Knot participated in an event at the [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] in Washington, D.C., titled "Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world." The event addressed global geopolitical and trade policy uncertainty and their implications for euro area monetary policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world |url=https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world |publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


=== Academic Career ===
=== Academic Career ===


Parallel to his career in central banking, Knot maintained an active connection to academia. He was appointed Professor of Monetary Stability at the [[University of Amsterdam]], a position linked to his expertise in central banking and monetary economics. The appointment was reported by the university's publication, ''Folia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/ |publisher=Folia (University of Amsterdam) |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
Alongside his central banking career, Knot maintained a parallel presence in academia. He was appointed Professor of Monetary Stability at the University of Amsterdam, a position linked to his work on central banking and monetary policy. The appointment was covered by the university's publication ''Folia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/ |publisher=Folia Web |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


Additionally, Knot holds the title of honorary professor at the University of Groningen, his alma mater.<ref name="rug" /> His academic profile at the University of Groningen lists his affiliation under the name Prof. K.H.W. Knot.<ref name="rug" /> These academic roles have allowed Knot to maintain engagement with economic research and to contribute to the education of future economists and policymakers, bridging the worlds of academic economics and practical central banking.
He additionally holds the title of honorary professor at the University of Groningen, his alma mater, where he is listed as a staff member.<ref name="rug" />


=== ECB Succession Candidacy (2026) ===
=== ECB Succession Candidacy (2026) ===


Following reports in February 2026 that ECB President Christine Lagarde may step down before the end of her term, Knot emerged as one of the leading candidates to succeed her. Reuters reported that the former governors of the Spanish and Dutch central banks — [[Pablo Hernández de Cos]] and Knot — were seen as the front-runners for the position.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> The ''Financial Times'' also reported on the growing succession speculation, identifying the principal candidates and analyzing the political dynamics that would influence the appointment.<ref>{{cite news |title=ECB succession: the runners and riders |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a5ccd82c-e375-4062-af92-88f6cc1e10c7 |work=Financial Times |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
In February 2026, reports emerged that Knot was among the leading candidates to succeed Christine Lagarde as president of the European Central Bank, following indications that Lagarde might step down before the end of her term. Reuters reported that Knot, along with Pablo Hernández de Cos, the former governor of the Bank of Spain and then general manager of the Bank for International Settlements, were considered the front-runners for the position.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
 
The industry publication ''Central Banking'' similarly identified Knot and Hernández de Cos (the latter having moved to become general manager of the Bank for International Settlements) as the principal contenders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Changing of Lagarde: who might take over at the ECB? |url=https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/governance/7975094/changing-of-lagarde-who-might-take-over-at-the-ecb |publisher=Central Banking |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> ''Modern Diplomacy'' described Knot and Hernández de Cos as "the top candidates" to replace Lagarde at the helm of the European Central Bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who will lead the ECB? Succession talk turns to Knot and De Cos |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2026/02/18/who-will-lead-the-ecb-succession-talk-turns-to-knot-and-de-cos/ |work=Modern Diplomacy |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


Knot's candidacy draws on his extensive experience across multiple tiers of European and international financial governance — his fourteen years leading the Dutch central bank, his tenure as FSB chair, his service on the ECB Governing Council, and his involvement with the BIS and IMF boards.
The Financial Times also reported on the succession dynamics, describing the field of candidates and the political considerations involved in the appointment process, which requires agreement among eurozone governments.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession: the runners and riders |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a5ccd82c-e375-4062-af92-88f6cc1e10c7 |work=Financial Times |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> Central Banking, a specialist publication, similarly identified Knot as among the leading contenders, noting his track record as DNB president and FSB chair.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=Changing of Lagarde: who might take over at the ECB? |url=https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/governance/7975094/changing-of-lagarde-who-might-take-over-at-the-ecb |work=Central Banking |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> Modern Diplomacy reported along similar lines, describing Knot and Hernández de Cos as "the top candidates."<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=Who will lead the ECB? Succession talk turns to Knot and De Cos |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2026/02/18/who-will-lead-the-ecb-succession-talk-turns-to-knot-and-de-cos/ |work=Modern Diplomacy |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== Personal Life ==
== Personal Life ==


Knot is from Bedum in the province of Groningen.<ref name="nu" /> He has maintained a professional presence on the networking platform LinkedIn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaas Knot |url=http://nl.linkedin.com/pub/klaas-knot/11/839/83b |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> Public information about his personal life beyond his professional activities remains limited, consistent with the relatively private profile he has maintained throughout his career in central banking.
Knot was born and raised in the northern Dutch province of Groningen. He has maintained a relatively low public profile with regard to his personal life, consistent with the norms of Dutch central banking culture. His public appearances and speeches have focused on matters of monetary policy, financial stability, and economic governance rather than personal matters.


== Recognition ==
== Recognition ==


Knot's prominence in international financial governance was reflected in his appointment to the chairmanship of the Financial Stability Board in 2021, one of the most significant international roles available to a central banker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair |url=https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2018-11 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref> The role placed him at the apex of global efforts to monitor and address systemic risk in the international financial system.
Knot's fourteen-year tenure as president of De Nederlandsche Bank represents the maximum term permitted by Dutch law, reflecting the sustained confidence of the Dutch government in his leadership. His appointment as chair of the Financial Stability Board in 2021, an international role of considerable significance, placed him at the centre of global efforts to safeguard financial stability during a period marked by pandemic recovery, inflation, geopolitical conflict, and rapid technological change.


His academic appointments — as Professor of Monetary Stability at the University of Amsterdam and honorary professor at the University of Groningen — represent recognition of his scholarly contributions to monetary economics alongside his practical policy work.<ref>{{cite web |title=President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/ |publisher=Folia (University of Amsterdam) |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref><ref name="rug" />
The ECB's decision to hold a dedicated farewell symposium in Amsterdam in October 2025, with remarks delivered by ECB leadership, underscored the institution's recognition of Knot's contributions to European monetary policy over his years on the Governing Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


The ECB's decision to hold a dedicated farewell symposium in Amsterdam in October 2025, featuring senior speeches on monetary policy and financial stability, underscored the esteem in which Knot was held by his peers on the Governing Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html |publisher=European Central Bank |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
De Nederlandsche Bank itself published a comprehensive retrospective on Knot's presidency upon his departure, characterising his fourteen years through key figures and milestones.<ref name="dnb-farewell" />


His inclusion in discussions as a leading candidate to become ECB president in 2026, reported by Reuters, the ''Financial Times'', and other outlets, further reflects his standing in European central banking circles.<ref name="reuters" />
His status as a front-runner for the ECB presidency in 2026 — reported by Reuters, the Financial Times, Central Banking, and other outlets — further attests to the regard in which he is held within European and international economic policy circles.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==


Knot's fourteen-year presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank made him one of the longest-serving central bank governors in the eurozone during a period of extraordinary monetary policy experimentation and financial system transformation. He led DNB through the European sovereign debt crisis, the era of negative interest rates and quantitative easing, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the subsequent inflationary episode that prompted the ECB's most aggressive tightening cycle in its history.
Knot's legacy is primarily associated with his stewardship of De Nederlandsche Bank through a transformative period in European economic history. Taking office during the eurozone sovereign debt crisis in 2011, he led the Dutch central bank through a series of economic disruptions that fundamentally reshaped European monetary policy. His consistent emphasis on price stability and fiscal discipline within the ECB Governing Council positioned the Netherlands as an influential voice in eurozone policy debates.


As FSB chair, Knot contributed to the international regulatory agenda at a time when the financial system faced new challenges from non-bank financial intermediation, digital assets, climate-related financial risks, and geopolitical fragmentation. His remarks at international forums, including the Bank of Spain conference in June 2025 and the Peterson Institute event in April 2025, addressed these themes and reflected the breadth of his engagement with contemporary policy questions.<ref>{{cite web |title=How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability |url=https://www.fsb.org/2025/06/how-is-the-water-continuing-our-work-to-preserve-financial-stability/ |publisher=Financial Stability Board |date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world |url=https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world |publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>
As chair of the Financial Stability Board, Knot contributed to the international regulatory architecture established in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. His tenure at the FSB saw the board address emerging risks including those posed by non-bank financial intermediaries and the financial implications of climate change and digital innovation.


De Nederlandsche Bank's retrospective on Knot's tenure, published on his final day in office, summarized his presidency through fourteen key figures and five video reflections, indicating the institution's own assessment of the period as one of substantial consequence for Dutch and European financial governance.<ref name="dnb14" />
Knot's dual career as both a central banker and an academic, holding professorships at the University of Amsterdam and the University of Groningen, reflects a commitment to bridging the worlds of policy practice and scholarly inquiry. His speeches and lectures at institutions including the Peterson Institute for International Economics and at central bank conferences across Europe contributed to public discourse on monetary policy, financial regulation, and the challenges facing the eurozone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world |url=https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world |publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


The possibility that Knot may go on to lead the European Central Bank itself would represent a further extension of his influence on European monetary policy. If appointed, he would be the first Dutch national to hold the ECB presidency. As of early 2026, the succession process remained in its early stages.<ref name="reuters" />
The fact that he emerged, within months of leaving his positions at DNB and the FSB, as one of the leading candidates to lead the European Central Bank itself speaks to the cumulative impact of his career in European and international central banking.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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Latest revision as of 06:25, 24 February 2026



Klaas Knot
BornKlaas Henderikus Willem Knot
14 4, 1967
BirthplaceBedum, Netherlands
NationalityDutch
OccupationEconomist, central banker, academic
TitleProfessor of Monetary Stability, University of Amsterdam; Honorary Professor, University of Groningen
Known forPresident of De Nederlandsche Bank (2011–2025), Chair of the Financial Stability Board (2021–2025)
EducationUniversity of Groningen

Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot (born 14 April 1967) is a Dutch economist, central banker, and academic who served as president of De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB), the central bank of the Netherlands, from 1 July 2011 until 30 June 2025. During his fourteen-year tenure — the maximum of two seven-year terms permitted under Dutch law — Knot navigated the institution through the European sovereign debt crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a period of historic inflation and monetary tightening across the eurozone. In his capacity as DNB president, he served as a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) and as a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[1] From December 2021 until July 2025, Knot simultaneously served as chair of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), succeeding Randal Quarles in that role.[2] He also holds academic positions as Professor of Monetary Stability at the University of Amsterdam and honorary professor at the University of Groningen.[3] As of early 2026, Knot is considered one of the front-runners to succeed Christine Lagarde as president of the European Central Bank.[4]

Early Life

Klaas Henderikus Willem Knot was born on 14 April 1967 in Bedum, a small town in the province of Groningen in the northern Netherlands. Little has been publicly documented about his early family life or upbringing, though his roots in the northern Netherlands would later be reflected in his longstanding affiliation with the University of Groningen, where he both studied and eventually held an honorary professorship.[5]

Education

Knot received his higher education at the University of Groningen, where he studied economics. His academic training focused on monetary economics and macroeconomic policy, subjects that would form the foundation of his subsequent career in central banking and economic policymaking.[6] German national bibliographic records identify academic publications associated with Knot, confirming his scholarly output alongside his policy career.[7]

Career

Early Career and De Nederlandsche Bank

Prior to his appointment as president, Knot built a career within the Dutch financial policy establishment. His trajectory brought him into close contact with both domestic economic policymaking and international monetary institutions, positioning him as a candidate for the top post at the Dutch central bank.

In May 2011, it was announced that Knot would become the new president of De Nederlandsche Bank, succeeding Nout Wellink.[8] At the time of his appointment, Knot was not widely known outside economic policy circles, but his selection was seen as a choice for technical expertise and sound economic judgment during a period of considerable financial turbulence in Europe.

Presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank (2011–2025)

Knot formally assumed the presidency of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 July 2011, stepping into the role at a critical juncture for European monetary policy.[8] The eurozone was in the grip of a sovereign debt crisis that threatened the stability of the common currency and the financial systems of several member states. As president of DNB, Knot became a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank, participating in the decisions that shaped the ECB's response to the crisis, including its unconventional monetary policy measures.[9]

Within the ECB Governing Council, Knot developed a reputation as a voice for fiscal discipline and sound monetary policy. He was associated with the more hawkish members of the council, particularly during the extended period of low interest rates and quantitative easing that characterised ECB policy from 2014 onward. As DNB president, Knot consistently advocated for the importance of price stability as the ECB's primary mandate.

Knot's first term of seven years was followed by a reappointment for a second seven-year term, the maximum permitted by Dutch law. His tenure ultimately spanned from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2025 — a total of fourteen years at the helm of the Dutch central bank. De Nederlandsche Bank itself summarised his presidency in a retrospective feature published on the day of his departure, titled "Klaas Knot: 14 years in 14 figures (and 5 videos)."[10]

Over the course of his presidency, Knot oversaw significant transformations in the European monetary landscape. These included the ECB's transition from crisis-era accommodative policies to a period of monetary tightening beginning in 2022, prompted by a surge in inflation across the eurozone following the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy price shock associated with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Knot was a prominent advocate within the Governing Council for timely interest rate increases to combat inflation.

In October 2025, the ECB held a symposium in Amsterdam marking Knot's departure from the Governing Council, with ECB officials paying tribute to his contributions to European monetary policy and financial stability.[11] His successor as DNB president was Olaf Sleijpen, who took office on 1 July 2025.[10]

International Roles

Beyond his duties at DNB, Knot held a number of significant international positions. As DNB president, he served on the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund, representing the Netherlands in that capacity.[12]

Knot was also a member of the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the international institution that serves as a forum for central banks.[13]

He served as a member of the General Board of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), the European Union body responsible for macroprudential oversight of the financial system.[14]

Knot was also listed as a member of the Trilateral Commission, a non-governmental policy discussion forum bringing together leaders from North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.[15]

Chair of the Financial Stability Board (2021–2025)

On 2 December 2021, Knot became the chair of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), an international body established after the 2008 financial crisis to monitor and make recommendations about the global financial system. He succeeded Randal Quarles, who had previously served as vice chair for supervision at the U.S. Federal Reserve.[16]

As FSB chair, Knot oversaw the board's work on a range of issues pertinent to global financial stability, including the regulation of non-bank financial intermediation, the financial risks associated with climate change, and the implications of digital innovation for financial stability. His tenure at the FSB coincided with a period of rising geopolitical tensions and trade policy uncertainty, themes he addressed in public remarks.

In June 2025, in one of his final public appearances as FSB chair, Knot delivered remarks at the Bank of Spain and CEMFI Fifth Conference on Financial Stability in Madrid, titled "How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability." In the speech, he reflected on the FSB's ongoing work and the challenges to global financial stability.[17]

Knot's term as FSB chair ended on 1 July 2025, and he was succeeded by Andrew Bailey, the Governor of the Bank of England.

In April 2025, shortly before the conclusion of his terms at both DNB and the FSB, Knot delivered a lecture at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, D.C., on the topic of "Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world," addressing issues of geopolitical and trade policy uncertainty affecting the eurozone.[18]

Academic Career

Alongside his central banking career, Knot maintained a parallel presence in academia. He was appointed Professor of Monetary Stability at the University of Amsterdam, a position linked to his work on central banking and monetary policy. The appointment was covered by the university's publication Folia.[19]

He additionally holds the title of honorary professor at the University of Groningen, his alma mater, where he is listed as a staff member.[6]

ECB Succession Candidacy (2026)

In February 2026, reports emerged that Knot was among the leading candidates to succeed Christine Lagarde as president of the European Central Bank, following indications that Lagarde might step down before the end of her term. Reuters reported that Knot, along with Pablo Hernández de Cos, the former governor of the Bank of Spain and then general manager of the Bank for International Settlements, were considered the front-runners for the position.[20]

The Financial Times also reported on the succession dynamics, describing the field of candidates and the political considerations involved in the appointment process, which requires agreement among eurozone governments.[21] Central Banking, a specialist publication, similarly identified Knot as among the leading contenders, noting his track record as DNB president and FSB chair.[22] Modern Diplomacy reported along similar lines, describing Knot and Hernández de Cos as "the top candidates."[23]

Personal Life

Knot was born and raised in the northern Dutch province of Groningen. He has maintained a relatively low public profile with regard to his personal life, consistent with the norms of Dutch central banking culture. His public appearances and speeches have focused on matters of monetary policy, financial stability, and economic governance rather than personal matters.

Recognition

Knot's fourteen-year tenure as president of De Nederlandsche Bank represents the maximum term permitted by Dutch law, reflecting the sustained confidence of the Dutch government in his leadership. His appointment as chair of the Financial Stability Board in 2021, an international role of considerable significance, placed him at the centre of global efforts to safeguard financial stability during a period marked by pandemic recovery, inflation, geopolitical conflict, and rapid technological change.

The ECB's decision to hold a dedicated farewell symposium in Amsterdam in October 2025, with remarks delivered by ECB leadership, underscored the institution's recognition of Knot's contributions to European monetary policy over his years on the Governing Council.[24]

De Nederlandsche Bank itself published a comprehensive retrospective on Knot's presidency upon his departure, characterising his fourteen years through key figures and milestones.[10]

His status as a front-runner for the ECB presidency in 2026 — reported by Reuters, the Financial Times, Central Banking, and other outlets — further attests to the regard in which he is held within European and international economic policy circles.[25]

Legacy

Knot's legacy is primarily associated with his stewardship of De Nederlandsche Bank through a transformative period in European economic history. Taking office during the eurozone sovereign debt crisis in 2011, he led the Dutch central bank through a series of economic disruptions that fundamentally reshaped European monetary policy. His consistent emphasis on price stability and fiscal discipline within the ECB Governing Council positioned the Netherlands as an influential voice in eurozone policy debates.

As chair of the Financial Stability Board, Knot contributed to the international regulatory architecture established in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. His tenure at the FSB saw the board address emerging risks including those posed by non-bank financial intermediaries and the financial implications of climate change and digital innovation.

Knot's dual career as both a central banker and an academic, holding professorships at the University of Amsterdam and the University of Groningen, reflects a commitment to bridging the worlds of policy practice and scholarly inquiry. His speeches and lectures at institutions including the Peterson Institute for International Economics and at central bank conferences across Europe contributed to public discourse on monetary policy, financial regulation, and the challenges facing the eurozone.[26]

The fact that he emerged, within months of leaving his positions at DNB and the FSB, as one of the leading candidates to lead the European Central Bank itself speaks to the cumulative impact of his career in European and international central banking.[27]

References

  1. ↑ "IMF Members".International Monetary Fund.http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  2. ↑ "Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair".Financial Stability Board.2018-11.https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  3. ↑ "President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar".Folia Web.https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  4. ↑ "ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job".Reuters.2026-02-18.https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  5. ↑ "Klaas Knot — Staff page".University of Groningen.https://www.rug.nl/staff/k.h.w.knot/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Klaas Knot — Staff page".University of Groningen.https://www.rug.nl/staff/k.h.w.knot/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  7. ↑ "Klaas Knot — DNB entry".Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.https://d-nb.info/gnd/171046609.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Klaas Knot wordt nieuwe president DNB".NU.nl.https://web.archive.org/web/20110522082649/http://www.nu.nl/economie/2519839/klaas-knot-wordt-nieuwe-president-dnb.html.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  9. ↑ "Governing Council — ECB".European Central Bank.https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/orga/decisions/govc/html/index.en.html.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Klaas Knot: 14 years in 14 figures (and 5 videos)".De Nederlandsche Bank.2025-06-30.https://www.dnb.nl/en/general-news/news-2025/klaas-knot-14-years-in-14-figures-and-5-videos/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  11. ↑ "Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience".European Central Bank.2025-10-03.https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  12. ↑ "IMF Members".International Monetary Fund.http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  13. ↑ "BIS Board of Directors".Bank for International Settlements.https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm?m=1%7C2%7C2.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  14. ↑ "ESRB General Board — Permanent Members".European Systemic Risk Board.https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/Perm_memb_GB.pdf.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  15. ↑ "Trilateral Commission Members List".Trilateral Commission.http://trilateral.org/download/files/membership/TC_list_3_23.pdf.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  16. ↑ "Appointment of new FSB Chair and Vice Chair".Financial Stability Board.2018-11.https://www.fsb.org/2018/11/appointment-of-new-fsb-chair-and-vice-chair/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  17. ↑ "How is the water? Continuing our work to preserve financial stability".Financial Stability Board.2025-06-12.https://www.fsb.org/2025/06/how-is-the-water-continuing-our-work-to-preserve-financial-stability/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  18. ↑ "Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world".Peterson Institute for International Economics.2025-04-23.https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  19. ↑ "President De Nederlandsche Bank benoemd tot hoogleraar".Folia Web.https://web.archive.org/web/20150608223103/www.foliaweb.nl/organisatie/president-de-nederlandsche-bank-benoemd-tot-hoogleraar/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  20. ↑ "ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job".Reuters.2026-02-18.https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  21. ↑ "ECB succession: the runners and riders".Financial Times.2026-02-18.https://www.ft.com/content/a5ccd82c-e375-4062-af92-88f6cc1e10c7.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  22. ↑ "Changing of Lagarde: who might take over at the ECB?".Central Banking.2026-02-18.https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/governance/7975094/changing-of-lagarde-who-might-take-over-at-the-ecb.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  23. ↑ "Who will lead the ECB? Succession talk turns to Knot and De Cos".Modern Diplomacy.2026-02-18.https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2026/02/18/who-will-lead-the-ecb-succession-talk-turns-to-knot-and-de-cos/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  24. ↑ "Monetary policy and financial stability: past lessons for future resilience".European Central Bank.2025-10-03.https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251003~4eea40331a.en.html.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  25. ↑ "ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job".Reuters.2026-02-18.https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  26. ↑ "Monetary policy and the euro in an uncertain world".Peterson Institute for International Economics.2025-04-23.https://www.piie.com/events/2025/monetary-policy-and-euro-uncertain-world.Retrieved 2026-02-24.
  27. ↑ "ECB succession talk puts Knot and De Cos in frame for top job".Reuters.2026-02-18.https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/ecb-succession-talk-puts-knot-de-cos-frame-top-job-2026-02-18/.Retrieved 2026-02-24.

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