Jack Dorsey: Difference between revisions

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| nationality  = American
| nationality  = American
| occupation  = Technology executive, entrepreneur
| occupation  = Technology executive, entrepreneur
| known_for    = Co-founding [[Twitter]] and [[Block, Inc.]] (Square)
| known_for    = Co-founding [[Twitter]] and [[Block, Inc.]] (formerly Square)
| title        = Co-founder and Chairman, Block, Inc.
| title        = Chairman and Principal Executive Officer, Block, Inc.
| website      = {{URL|https://squareup.com/}}
| website      = {{URL|https://squareup.com/}}
}}
}}


'''Jack Patrick Dorsey''' (born November 19, 1976) is an American technology executive and entrepreneur who co-founded two major technology companies that reshaped how people communicate and conduct financial transactions. As the co-founder of [[Twitter]], Dorsey helped create one of the most prominent social media platforms of the early 21st century, serving as its chief executive officer from 2007 to 2008 and again from 2015 to 2021. He is also the co-founder, principal executive officer, and chairman of [[Block, Inc.]], the parent company of the [[Square (financial services)|Square]] financial services platform, which processes mobile and electronic payments for businesses of all sizes.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Square |url=https://squareup.com/ |publisher=Square |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Beyond his work with Twitter and Block, Dorsey founded [[Bluesky]], a decentralized social media protocol and platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluesky {{!}} History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky |publisher=Britannica Money |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> In recent years, Dorsey has become an outspoken proponent of [[Bitcoin]] and decentralized technologies, guiding Block's strategic focus toward cryptocurrency-related products and services.
'''Jack Patrick Dorsey''' (born November 19, 1976) is an American technology executive and entrepreneur who co-founded two major technology companies: [[Twitter]], the social media platform that reshaped global communication, and [[Block, Inc.]] (formerly Square, Inc.), the financial services and digital payments company. Dorsey served as CEO of Twitter during two separate tenures—first from 2007 to 2008 and again from 2015 to 2021—while simultaneously guiding the growth of Square from a small mobile payment startup into a publicly traded financial technology firm.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Dorsey developed an early interest in dispatch routing and urban infrastructure, interests that would later inform his vision for both real-time public messaging and streamlined commerce. He also founded Bluesky, a decentralized social media protocol and platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluesky {{!}} History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky |publisher=Britannica Money |date= |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> In recent years, Dorsey has become an outspoken advocate for Bitcoin and cryptocurrency adoption, directing Block's strategic initiatives toward integrating Bitcoin into mainstream financial services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey's Bitcoin Revolution Small Businesses Now Accept BTC With ZERO Fees |url=https://www.binance.com/en-NG/square/post/294764551085649 |publisher=Binance |date=2026-02-23 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


Jack Patrick Dorsey was born on November 19, 1976, in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2011-06-02 |title=Jack Dorsey: The Man with Two Brains |url=http://fortune.com/2011/06/02/jack-dorsey-the-man-with-two-brains/ |work=Fortune |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Growing up in St. Louis, Dorsey developed an early interest in computers and urban infrastructure. As a teenager, he became fascinated with the logistics of dispatch routing — the systems used by taxicab companies, emergency services, and delivery couriers to coordinate vehicles across a city. This interest led him to begin programming dispatch software while still in his youth.
Jack Patrick Dorsey was born on November 19, 1976, in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Growing up in the St. Louis metropolitan area, Dorsey developed a fascination with cities, maps, and the logistics of urban infrastructure from a young age. He was particularly drawn to the workings of dispatch routing—the systems used by emergency services, taxi companies, and courier services to coordinate the real-time movement of vehicles and personnel across a city. This childhood interest in how information moves through urban networks would prove foundational to his later work in technology.


Dorsey's curiosity about real-time communication and the movement of people and vehicles through cities would later inform the conceptual foundations of both Twitter and Square. His early programming work demonstrated an aptitude for building systems that tracked and communicated status updates in real time, a concept that would become central to the microblogging platform he co-created years later.
As a teenager, Dorsey began programming and developed software related to dispatch logistics. His early programming work focused on creating systems that could track the real-time positions and activities of dispatch vehicles, a concept that bore a conceptual resemblance to the real-time status updates that would later become the core feature of Twitter. Dorsey's interest in brevity and real-time communication was also influenced by his fascination with the concise, utilitarian nature of dispatch communications, where operators conveyed essential information in the fewest possible words.
 
Dorsey attended the [[University of Missouri–Rolla]] (now Missouri University of Science and Technology) before transferring to [[New York University]]. While living in New York City, he continued developing his ideas about real-time status updates and urban technology. It was during this period that Dorsey began formulating the concept that would eventually become Twitter—a platform where individuals could broadcast short status messages to a network of followers, much as a dispatch system broadcasts the status of vehicles to a central coordinator.


== Career ==
== Career ==
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=== Twitter ===
=== Twitter ===


Dorsey co-founded Twitter, Inc., a social networking and microblogging service that allowed users to post short messages, initially limited to 140 characters. The platform quickly grew into one of the most widely used social media services in the world, becoming a significant tool for public discourse, journalism, and political communication.
Dorsey co-founded Twitter in 2006, along with [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], and [[Noah Glass]]. The platform was born out of a brainstorming session at [[Odeo]], a podcasting company where Dorsey was working at the time. Dorsey's original concept—inspired by his long-standing interest in dispatch systems and real-time status updates—proposed a service that would allow users to send short text-based messages to a group, sharing what they were doing at any given moment. The name "Twitter" was chosen to evoke the image of a short burst of inconsequential information, similar to the chirps of birds.


Dorsey served as the chief executive officer of Twitter from 2007 to 2008. During this early period, the company experienced rapid user growth but also faced organizational challenges typical of fast-scaling startups. In 2008, Dorsey transitioned out of the CEO role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/06/twitter_ceo_jac_2.html |publisher=InformationWeek |date=2008-06 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Reporting from ''The New York Times'' in October 2008 documented the leadership transitions at Twitter during this period as the company grappled with scaling its technology and business operations.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-10-21 |title=Twitter Start-Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/technology/start-ups/21twitter.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> CNET also covered the leadership changes during this formative era of the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter CEO |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html |publisher=CNET |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Twitter launched publicly in July 2006 and quickly gained traction among early technology adopters. Dorsey served as the company's first chief executive officer. Under his initial leadership, the platform grew from a niche service popular among technology enthusiasts into a broader social media platform. However, Dorsey's first tenure as CEO was relatively brief. In 2008, he was moved from the CEO role to the position of chairman of the board, a transition that was reported to have resulted from concerns among the company's board of directors about operational and managerial challenges during a period of rapid growth.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2008-10-21 |title=Twitter's Growing Pains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/technology/start-ups/21twitter.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/06/twitter_ceo_jac_2.html |publisher=InformationWeek |date=2008-06 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter CEO Dorsey Steps Aside |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html |publisher=CNET |date=2008 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey returned to the role of CEO at Twitter in 2015, a period during which he simultaneously led Square (later Block, Inc.), making him one of a small number of executives to concurrently serve as CEO of two publicly traded companies.<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His dual leadership drew both admiration and scrutiny from investors and industry observers. He served as Twitter CEO until 2021, overseeing the platform through a period of significant cultural and political influence.
Dorsey returned to the role of CEO at Twitter in 2015, taking on the unusual challenge of simultaneously running two publicly traded companies—Twitter and Square.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> During this second tenure, Dorsey oversaw efforts to address the platform's challenges with user growth, content moderation, and revenue generation. His dual CEO role attracted significant scrutiny from investors and media commentators, who questioned whether one individual could effectively lead two major public companies at the same time.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2011-06-02 |title=Jack Dorsey: The Man with Two Brains |url=http://fortune.com/2011/06/02/jack-dorsey-the-man-with-two-brains/ |work=Fortune |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


=== Square and Block, Inc. ===
Dorsey stepped down as CEO of Twitter in November 2021, handing the role to [[Parag Agrawal]]. The company was subsequently acquired by [[Elon Musk]] in October 2022.


In addition to his role at Twitter, Dorsey co-founded Square, a financial services and digital payments company. Square's initial product was a small card reader that could be plugged into a smartphone or tablet, enabling small businesses, independent vendors, and individuals to accept credit card payments without traditional point-of-sale hardware. The technology was considered a significant innovation in the payments industry, lowering the barriers to electronic commerce for small merchants.
=== Bluesky ===


Square established its headquarters in San Francisco, initially operating out of the historic Chronicle Building.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHD Office Space: Square, San Francisco's Chronicle Building |url=http://www.californiahomedesign.com/blog/2011/06/30/chd-office-space-square-san-franciscos-chronicle-building |publisher=California Home Design |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> In 2013, the company relocated to new headquarters in San Francisco as it continued to expand its operations and workforce.<ref>{{cite web |title=Square Opens New Headquarters |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142657/https://squareup.com/news/releases/2013/square-opens-new-headquarters |publisher=Square |date=2013 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In addition to his work at Twitter, Dorsey initiated the development of Bluesky, a project aimed at creating a decentralized protocol for social media. Bluesky was originally conceived in 2019 as an internal initiative at Twitter, with the goal of developing an open and decentralized standard for social networking that could potentially serve as the underlying architecture for Twitter and other platforms. The project was spun off as an independent entity, Bluesky Social PBC (Public Benefit Corporation).<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluesky {{!}} History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky |publisher=Britannica Money |date= |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


The company's growth was rapid. By 2012, ''Business Insider'' included Square on its Digital 100 list, noting the company's significant valuation.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Digital 100 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/2012-digital-100#7-square-32-billion-7 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Square expanded its product offerings beyond the card reader to include point-of-sale software, business analytics, payroll services, small business lending, and the Cash App consumer payments platform.
Bluesky developed the AT Protocol (Authenticated Transfer Protocol), a federated social networking protocol designed to give users more control over their data and online identity. The Bluesky social media application, which allows users to post short messages of up to 300 characters, launched as a public platform and has attracted millions of users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluesky {{!}} History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky |publisher=Britannica Money |date= |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> While Dorsey played a foundational role in the creation of Bluesky, the platform has since operated independently.


In October 2015, Square filed for an initial public offering while Dorsey was simultaneously managing his return as Twitter's CEO. The IPO filing attracted considerable attention given Dorsey's dual leadership roles and the ownership structure of the company.<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Ownership, Dorsey, and IPO |url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/14/square-ownership-dorsey-ipo/ |work=Fortune |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
=== Square and Block, Inc. ===


Dorsey expanded Square's focus toward commerce and financial services more broadly. In a 2014 interview with ''Women's Wear Daily'', he discussed his vision for simplifying commerce through Square's platform.<ref>{{cite news |date=2014-01-16 |title=Dorsey Looks to Simplify Commerce With Square |url=http://www.wwd.com/business-news/technology/dorsey-looks-to-simplify-commerce-with-square-7365024?src=nl/mornReport/20140116 |work=Women's Wear Daily |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
==== Founding and Early Growth ====


The company rebranded to Block, Inc. in late 2021, reflecting its broader ambitions beyond the original Square payment product. Under the Block umbrella, the company operates Square (merchant services), Cash App (consumer finance), Spiral (Bitcoin development), TIDAL (music streaming), and TBD (decentralized finance).
Following his departure from the CEO role at Twitter in 2008, Dorsey turned his attention to a new venture in the financial technology space. He co-founded Square, Inc. in 2009 with [[Jim McKelvey]]. The company's initial product was a small, square-shaped card reader that could be plugged into the headphone jack of a smartphone, enabling small businesses, independent merchants, and individuals to accept credit card payments without the need for a traditional point-of-sale terminal. The concept addressed a significant gap in the payments market: millions of small businesses and sole proprietors were unable to accept card payments due to the cost and complexity of conventional merchant account systems.


==== Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Focus ====
Square's headquarters were initially located in San Francisco. The company moved its offices to the historic Chronicle Building in San Francisco's South of Market neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHD Office Space: Square, San Francisco's Chronicle Building |url=http://www.californiahomedesign.com/blog/2011/06/30/chd-office-space-square-san-franciscos-chronicle-building |publisher=California Home Design |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> In 2013, Square opened new headquarters, further establishing its presence in the city's technology ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Square Opens New Headquarters |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142657/https://squareup.com/news/releases/2013/square-opens-new-headquarters |publisher=Square |date=2013 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Under Dorsey's leadership, Block has increasingly oriented its business strategy around [[Bitcoin]]. Dorsey has publicly stated his belief in Bitcoin as a transformative technology and has directed company resources toward Bitcoin development and integration. Block's Spiral division focuses on open-source Bitcoin development, and the company has invested in Bitcoin mining hardware.
The company grew rapidly. By 2012, ''Business Insider'' ranked Square among its "Digital 100" list of the most valuable private technology companies, valuing the company at $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Digital 100 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/2012-digital-100#7-square-32-billion-7 |publisher=Business Insider |date=2012 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Square expanded its product offerings beyond the original card reader to include a suite of business tools, including point-of-sale software, business analytics, payroll services, and lending products aimed at small and medium-sized businesses.


In early 2026, Block announced that small businesses using its Square platform could accept Bitcoin payments with zero transaction fees, a move aimed at increasing Bitcoin adoption among merchants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey's Bitcoin Revolution: Small Businesses Now Accept BTC With ZERO Fees |url=https://www.binance.com/en-NG/square/post/294764551085649 |publisher=Binance |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
==== IPO and Expansion ====


Dorsey's personal association with Bitcoin has generated significant public speculation. At Block's Investor Day in November 2025, an inquiry was raised about whether Dorsey could be [[Satoshi Nakamoto]], the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, a question that Dorsey's response further fueled into public debate.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-01 |title=Jack Dorsey Sparks Debate: Could He Be the Elusive Satoshi Nakamoto? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/jack-dorsey-sparks-debate-11880164 |work=Investopedia |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Square filed for its initial public offering (IPO) in October 2015, at a time when Dorsey was juggling his dual role as CEO of both Square and Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> At the time of its IPO filing, Dorsey held a significant ownership stake in the company.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-10-14 |title=Square Ownership Dorsey IPO |url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/14/square-ownership-dorsey-ipo/ |work=Fortune |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> The company went public on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and subsequently grew into a major financial technology platform.


==== 2026 Layoffs and AI Mandates ====
Over the following years, Square expanded into consumer-facing financial services through its Cash App, a peer-to-peer payment application that grew to rival established services in the digital payments space. Cash App became a significant revenue driver for the company, offering features including direct deposit, stock trading, and Bitcoin purchasing.


In early 2026, Block, Inc. underwent significant workforce reductions under Dorsey's direction. In February 2026, [[Reuters]] reported that the company was cutting up to 10% of its staff during annual performance reviews.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-07 |title=Dorsey's Block cutting up to 10% of staff, Bloomberg News reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/dorseys-block-cutting-up-10-staff-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-02-07/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> ''WIRED'' reported in detail on what it described as "rolling layoffs" at Block, with hundreds of workers laid off in early February 2026 and remaining employees expressing uncertainty about the company's direction.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-19 |title=Inside the Rolling Layoffs at Jack Dorsey's Block |url=https://www.wired.com/story/inside-rolling-layoffs-jack-dorsey-block/ |work=WIRED |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
==== Rebranding to Block and Bitcoin Focus ====


Simultaneously, Dorsey mandated aggressive adoption of artificial intelligence tools within Block's operations. This mandate, combined with the layoffs, generated employee backlash. ''Inc.'' magazine reported that workers expressed frustration over the juxtaposition of mass layoffs and the directive to integrate AI into workflows, raising questions about whether AI was being positioned as a replacement for human workers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haynes |first=Kevin |date=2026-02-21 |title=Jack Dorsey Faces Employee Backlash After Mass Layoffs and AI Mandates at Block |url=https://www.inc.com/kevin-haynes/jack-dorsey-faces-employee-backlash-after-mass-layoffs-and-ai-mandates-at-block-inc/91306381 |work=Inc. |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> ''Futurism'' characterized the situation as the company "falling apart" amid the forced AI adoption, reporting on operational difficulties stemming from the rapid restructuring.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-20 |title=Jack Dorsey's New Company Falling Apart as It Forces Employees to Use AI |url=https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/jack-dorsey-block-falling-apart-ai |work=Futurism |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In December 2021, Square, Inc. was renamed Block, Inc., reflecting the company's broadened strategic focus beyond its original square card reader. The name "Block" referenced multiple concepts central to the company's evolving identity, including building blocks, neighborhood blocks, and blockchain technology. Dorsey continued as the company's principal executive officer and chairman of the board.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Square |url=https://squareup.com/about#board |publisher=Square |date= |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


As of late February 2026, Block was preparing to release its fourth-quarter 2025 earnings, with analysts closely monitoring the company's financial performance amid the organizational upheaval.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-23 |title=Jack Dorsey's Block Gears For Q4 Earnings |url=https://www.benzinga.com/crypto/cryptocurrency/26/02/50772911/jack-dorseys-block-gears-for-q4-earnings-analyst-expectations-key-technical-signals-price-targets-and-all-you-need-to-know |work=Benzinga |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Under Dorsey's leadership, Block placed increasing emphasis on [[Bitcoin]] and cryptocurrency. The company invested corporate funds in Bitcoin and developed products and services designed to facilitate Bitcoin transactions for both merchants and consumers. In 2026, Block announced features enabling small businesses to accept Bitcoin payments with zero transaction fees, a move intended to accelerate cryptocurrency adoption among mainstream merchants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey's Bitcoin Revolution Small Businesses Now Accept BTC With ZERO Fees |url=https://www.binance.com/en-NG/square/post/294764551085649 |publisher=Binance |date=2026-02-23 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


=== Bluesky ===
Dorsey's personal advocacy for Bitcoin has been a defining feature of his public profile in recent years. At Block's Investor Day in November 2025, the subject of whether Dorsey could be [[Satoshi Nakamoto]], the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, was raised—a question that Dorsey has not claimed but that has generated public speculation and debate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey Sparks Debate: Could He Be the Elusive Satoshi Nakamoto? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/jack-dorsey-sparks-debate-11880164 |publisher=Investopedia |date=2026-01 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey founded [[Bluesky]], a project initially conceived within Twitter to develop a decentralized standard for social media. The effort was intended to create an open protocol — the AT Protocol — that would allow multiple social media platforms to interoperate, reducing the centralized control that any single company held over online discourse. Bluesky eventually launched as an independent social media application where users can post short messages of up to 300 characters, functioning as a microblogging platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bluesky {{!}} History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky |publisher=Britannica Money |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
==== 2026 Layoffs and AI Strategy ====


=== Board Memberships and Other Activities ===
In early 2026, Block underwent significant organizational changes under Dorsey's direction. In February 2026, the company laid off hundreds of employees as part of a broader restructuring that reportedly included cutting up to 10% of its workforce during annual performance reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-02-07 |title=Dorsey's Block cutting up to 10% of staff, Bloomberg News reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/dorseys-block-cutting-up-10-staff-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-02-07/ |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> The layoffs were accompanied by an aggressive push to integrate artificial intelligence throughout Block's operations, with Dorsey mandating that employees adopt AI tools as part of their daily workflows.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haynes |first=Kevin |date=2026-02-21 |title=Jack Dorsey Faces Employee Backlash After Mass Layoffs and AI Mandates at Block |url=https://www.inc.com/kevin-haynes/jack-dorsey-faces-employee-backlash-after-mass-layoffs-and-ai-mandates-at-block-inc/91306381 |work=Inc. |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey served on the board of directors of [[The Walt Disney Company]], joining in December 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-12-23 |title=Jack Dorsey Joins Disney |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/23/jack-dorsey-joins-disney/?ncid=tcdaily |work=TechCrunch |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He departed the Disney board in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018-01-13 |title=Facebook's Sandberg, Twitter's Dorsey to Depart Disney Board |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-13/facebook-s-sandberg-twitter-s-dorsey-to-depart-disney-board |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
The combined effect of the layoffs and the AI mandates generated significant internal backlash. Reporting by ''WIRED'' described the layoffs as "rolling" in nature, with employees remaining at the company expressing uncertainty about the direction of the restructuring.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-02-19 |title=Inside the Rolling Layoffs at Jack Dorsey's Block |url=https://www.wired.com/story/inside-rolling-layoffs-jack-dorsey-block/ |work=WIRED |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Additional reporting indicated that the company was experiencing operational difficulties as it attempted to overhaul its workforce in favor of AI-driven processes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey's New Company Falling Apart as It Forces Employees to Use AI |url=https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/jack-dorsey-block-falling-apart-ai |publisher=Futurism |date=2026-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey has also served on the [[Berggruen Institute]]'s Governance Center board.
Block was scheduled to report its fourth-quarter 2025 earnings in late February 2026, with analysts closely watching the financial impact of the restructuring and AI integration efforts.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-02-23 |title=Jack Dorsey's Block Gears For Q4 Earnings |url=https://www.benzinga.com/crypto/cryptocurrency/26/02/50772911/jack-dorseys-block-gears-for-q4-earnings-analyst-expectations-key-technical-signals-price-targets-and-all-you-need-to-know |work=Benzinga |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


In 2013, Dorsey publicly discussed an interest in politics, including a stated desire to potentially become mayor of New York City, during an interview with CNN.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-03-21 |title=Jack Dorsey on His Desire to Be Mayor of New York City, Steve Jobs, and Being a Bachelor |url=http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/21/jack-dorsey-on-his-desire-to-be-mayor-of-new-york-city-steve-jobs-and-being-a-bachelor/ |work=CNN The Lead |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
=== Board Memberships ===


=== Philanthropy ===
Beyond his roles at Twitter and Square/Block, Dorsey has served on several corporate and advisory boards. In December 2013, he was appointed to the board of directors of [[The Walt Disney Company]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey Joins Disney |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/23/jack-dorsey-joins-disney/?ncid=tcdaily |publisher=TechCrunch |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He departed the Disney board in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-01-13 |title=Facebook's Sandberg, Twitter's Dorsey to Depart Disney Board |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-13/facebook-s-sandberg-twitter-s-dorsey-to-depart-disney-board |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Dorsey has also served on the [[Berggruen Institute]]'s Governance Center.


Dorsey participated in the #TeamTrees initiative in 2019, a collaborative fundraising effort organized by YouTube creator MrBeast and the Arbor Day Foundation that aimed to plant 20 million trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=TeamTrees |url=https://teamtrees.org/ |publisher=TeamTrees |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MrBeast TeamTrees announcement |url=https://twitter.com/MrBeastYT/status/1189348547889643520 |publisher=Twitter |date=2019-10-29 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
== Personal Life ==


== Personal Life ==
Dorsey has expressed interest in urban planning and city governance. In a 2013 interview with CNN, he discussed his desire to potentially serve as mayor of New York City, reflecting his long-standing interest in urban systems and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack Dorsey on His Desire to Be Mayor of New York City, Steve Jobs, and Being a Bachelor |url=http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/21/jack-dorsey-on-his-desire-to-be-mayor-of-new-york-city-steve-jobs-and-being-a-bachelor/ |publisher=CNN |date=2013-03-21 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey is based in the San Francisco Bay Area, where Block, Inc. is headquartered. He has spoken publicly about his interest in urban design and city infrastructure, subjects that have influenced his approach to product development. In his 2013 CNN interview, Dorsey discussed aspects of his personal life, including his status as a bachelor at that time, alongside his professional interests and political ambitions.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-03-21 |title=Jack Dorsey on His Desire to Be Mayor of New York City, Steve Jobs, and Being a Bachelor |url=http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/21/jack-dorsey-on-his-desire-to-be-mayor-of-new-york-city-steve-jobs-and-being-a-bachelor/ |work=CNN The Lead |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In 2019, Dorsey participated in the #TeamTrees campaign, a charitable initiative organized to raise funds for tree planting. The campaign, which was promoted by internet personality [[MrBeast]] and the Arbor Day Foundation, raised millions of dollars for reforestation efforts. Dorsey was among the prominent technology figures who contributed to and promoted the initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=TeamTrees |url=https://teamtrees.org/ |publisher=TeamTrees |date= |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Dorsey has attracted public attention for his personal wellness practices, which have included meditation and fasting regimens. He has been publicly associated with the Bitcoin community and has spoken frequently about his belief in decentralized financial systems as a means to expand economic access globally.
Dorsey has been publicly associated with various wellness and lifestyle practices, including meditation and fasting, which have attracted media attention. He has spoken publicly about his interest in Bitcoin not only as a financial technology but as a philosophical and political project related to decentralization and individual sovereignty.


== Recognition ==
== Recognition ==


In 2011, the ''San Francisco Business Times'' named Dorsey its "Executive of the Year," recognizing his leadership of both Twitter and Square during a period of significant growth for both companies.<ref>{{cite news |date=2011-12-23 |title=Executive of the Year: Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2011/12/23/executive-of-the-year-jack-dorsey.html |work=San Francisco Business Times |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Dorsey has received recognition from both the technology industry and civic institutions. In 2011, the ''San Francisco Business Times'' named him Executive of the Year, citing his work in building both Twitter and Square into significant technology companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive of the Year: Jack Dorsey |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2011/12/23/executive-of-the-year-jack-dorsey.html |publisher=San Francisco Business Times |date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Also in 2011, New York City Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] recognized Dorsey's contributions to technology and entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2011a/pr104-11.html |publisher=NYC Office of the Mayor |date=2011 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Also in 2011, then-Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] recognized Dorsey's contributions to technology and commerce in New York City. The Office of the Mayor of New York City issued a public statement acknowledging Dorsey's work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayor Bloomberg Announcement |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2011a/pr104-11.html |publisher=NYC.gov |date=2011 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


''Fortune'' magazine profiled Dorsey in a 2011 cover story titled "The Man with Two Brains," highlighting his unusual position leading two technology companies simultaneously and examining the management challenges and opportunities that arrangement presented.<ref>{{cite news |date=2011-06-02 |title=Jack Dorsey: The Man with Two Brains |url=http://fortune.com/2011/06/02/jack-dorsey-the-man-with-two-brains/ |work=Fortune |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Dorsey's dual role as CEO of two publicly traded companies drew comparisons to other technology leaders who have managed multiple large-scale ventures simultaneously. His leadership of Twitter during its cultural and political ascendance, combined with his role in building Square into a major financial services company, established him as one of the more prominent figures in Silicon Valley during the 2010s.


Dorsey's role in co-founding Twitter placed him among a generation of technology entrepreneurs who reshaped global communication in the early 21st century. His concurrent leadership of Square (later Block) positioned him as a figure at the intersection of social media, fintech, and cryptocurrency.
In the fashion and design world, ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'' (WWD) profiled Dorsey's efforts to simplify commerce through Square's technology, noting the platform's impact on how small businesses and independent designers process transactions.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2014-01-16 |title=Dorsey Looks to Simplify Commerce with Square |url=http://www.wwd.com/business-news/technology/dorsey-looks-to-simplify-commerce-with-square-7365024?src=nl/mornReport/20140116 |work=Women's Wear Daily |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==


Dorsey's influence on the technology industry spans two distinct domains: social media and financial technology. Twitter, which he co-founded, became a central platform for real-time public communication, used by journalists, politicians, activists, and ordinary users to share information and commentary. The platform's 140-character format (later expanded to 280 characters) introduced a new form of public discourse that influenced how news was reported and consumed globally.
Jack Dorsey's influence on the technology industry rests on two distinct but related contributions: the creation of a real-time public messaging platform that altered the dynamics of global communication, media, and politics, and the development of a financial technology platform that expanded access to digital payments for small businesses and independent merchants.
 
Twitter, which Dorsey co-founded in 2006, became a central platform for political discourse, breaking news, and cultural conversation. The service's format of short, public messages—originally limited to 140 characters—created a new paradigm for how individuals, organizations, and governments communicated with the public. During Dorsey's tenures as CEO, Twitter grew from a startup to a publicly traded company with global reach, though the platform also faced persistent challenges related to misinformation, harassment, and content moderation.


Square, the other company Dorsey co-founded, is credited with democratizing electronic payment processing by making it accessible to small businesses and individual sellers who previously lacked the infrastructure to accept card payments. The company's small, square-shaped card reader became an iconic piece of hardware in the payments industry.
Square, later renamed Block, addressed a fundamental problem in the payments industry by making it simple and affordable for small merchants to accept credit card payments. The company's original card reader, which plugged into a smartphone, became a ubiquitous tool at farmers' markets, food trucks, and small retail shops. The subsequent development of Cash App expanded Block's reach into consumer financial services, including peer-to-peer payments and cryptocurrency transactions.


Through Block's various subsidiaries and through Bluesky, Dorsey has continued to pursue themes of decentralization and open protocols. His advocacy for Bitcoin and decentralized technology has positioned Block as one of the most prominent publicly traded companies with a strategic focus on cryptocurrency.
Dorsey's more recent focus on Bitcoin and decentralized technology has positioned him as a prominent advocate for cryptocurrency adoption in mainstream commerce. His decision to rename Square to Block and to orient the company's strategy around Bitcoin and blockchain technology signals a long-term commitment to decentralized financial infrastructure. The 2026 introduction of zero-fee Bitcoin acceptance for small businesses through Block represents a continuation of Dorsey's original mission with Square: simplifying financial transactions for small-scale merchants.


As of 2026, Dorsey's legacy remains actively evolving, shaped both by his foundational contributions to social media and fintech and by the ongoing challenges and controversies at Block, including workforce reductions and the company's aggressive pivot toward AI integration.
The organizational challenges at Block in early 2026—including mass layoffs and the controversial mandate to integrate AI into employee workflows—illustrate the tensions inherent in rapid corporate transformation. The outcome of these initiatives will likely shape the next phase of Dorsey's legacy as a technology executive.


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Twitter]]
[[Category:Block, Inc.]]
[[Category:Block, Inc.]]
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[[Category:American technology company founders]]
[[Category:American company founders]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:Financial technology]]
[[Category:Bitcoin]]


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Revision as of 00:44, 24 February 2026



Jack Dorsey
BornJack Patrick Dorsey
19 11, 1976
BirthplaceSt. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
OccupationTechnology executive, entrepreneur
TitleChairman and Principal Executive Officer, Block, Inc.
Known forCo-founding Twitter and Block, Inc. (formerly Square)
Website[https://squareup.com/ Official site]

Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American technology executive and entrepreneur who co-founded two major technology companies: Twitter, the social media platform that reshaped global communication, and Block, Inc. (formerly Square, Inc.), the financial services and digital payments company. Dorsey served as CEO of Twitter during two separate tenures—first from 2007 to 2008 and again from 2015 to 2021—while simultaneously guiding the growth of Square from a small mobile payment startup into a publicly traded financial technology firm.[1] Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Dorsey developed an early interest in dispatch routing and urban infrastructure, interests that would later inform his vision for both real-time public messaging and streamlined commerce. He also founded Bluesky, a decentralized social media protocol and platform.[2] In recent years, Dorsey has become an outspoken advocate for Bitcoin and cryptocurrency adoption, directing Block's strategic initiatives toward integrating Bitcoin into mainstream financial services.[3]

Early Life

Jack Patrick Dorsey was born on November 19, 1976, in St. Louis, Missouri. Growing up in the St. Louis metropolitan area, Dorsey developed a fascination with cities, maps, and the logistics of urban infrastructure from a young age. He was particularly drawn to the workings of dispatch routing—the systems used by emergency services, taxi companies, and courier services to coordinate the real-time movement of vehicles and personnel across a city. This childhood interest in how information moves through urban networks would prove foundational to his later work in technology.

As a teenager, Dorsey began programming and developed software related to dispatch logistics. His early programming work focused on creating systems that could track the real-time positions and activities of dispatch vehicles, a concept that bore a conceptual resemblance to the real-time status updates that would later become the core feature of Twitter. Dorsey's interest in brevity and real-time communication was also influenced by his fascination with the concise, utilitarian nature of dispatch communications, where operators conveyed essential information in the fewest possible words.

Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla (now Missouri University of Science and Technology) before transferring to New York University. While living in New York City, he continued developing his ideas about real-time status updates and urban technology. It was during this period that Dorsey began formulating the concept that would eventually become Twitter—a platform where individuals could broadcast short status messages to a network of followers, much as a dispatch system broadcasts the status of vehicles to a central coordinator.

Career

Twitter

Dorsey co-founded Twitter in 2006, along with Biz Stone, Evan Williams, and Noah Glass. The platform was born out of a brainstorming session at Odeo, a podcasting company where Dorsey was working at the time. Dorsey's original concept—inspired by his long-standing interest in dispatch systems and real-time status updates—proposed a service that would allow users to send short text-based messages to a group, sharing what they were doing at any given moment. The name "Twitter" was chosen to evoke the image of a short burst of inconsequential information, similar to the chirps of birds.

Twitter launched publicly in July 2006 and quickly gained traction among early technology adopters. Dorsey served as the company's first chief executive officer. Under his initial leadership, the platform grew from a niche service popular among technology enthusiasts into a broader social media platform. However, Dorsey's first tenure as CEO was relatively brief. In 2008, he was moved from the CEO role to the position of chairman of the board, a transition that was reported to have resulted from concerns among the company's board of directors about operational and managerial challenges during a period of rapid growth.[4][5][6]

Dorsey returned to the role of CEO at Twitter in 2015, taking on the unusual challenge of simultaneously running two publicly traded companies—Twitter and Square.[7] During this second tenure, Dorsey oversaw efforts to address the platform's challenges with user growth, content moderation, and revenue generation. His dual CEO role attracted significant scrutiny from investors and media commentators, who questioned whether one individual could effectively lead two major public companies at the same time.[8]

Dorsey stepped down as CEO of Twitter in November 2021, handing the role to Parag Agrawal. The company was subsequently acquired by Elon Musk in October 2022.

Bluesky

In addition to his work at Twitter, Dorsey initiated the development of Bluesky, a project aimed at creating a decentralized protocol for social media. Bluesky was originally conceived in 2019 as an internal initiative at Twitter, with the goal of developing an open and decentralized standard for social networking that could potentially serve as the underlying architecture for Twitter and other platforms. The project was spun off as an independent entity, Bluesky Social PBC (Public Benefit Corporation).[9]

Bluesky developed the AT Protocol (Authenticated Transfer Protocol), a federated social networking protocol designed to give users more control over their data and online identity. The Bluesky social media application, which allows users to post short messages of up to 300 characters, launched as a public platform and has attracted millions of users.[10] While Dorsey played a foundational role in the creation of Bluesky, the platform has since operated independently.

Square and Block, Inc.

Founding and Early Growth

Following his departure from the CEO role at Twitter in 2008, Dorsey turned his attention to a new venture in the financial technology space. He co-founded Square, Inc. in 2009 with Jim McKelvey. The company's initial product was a small, square-shaped card reader that could be plugged into the headphone jack of a smartphone, enabling small businesses, independent merchants, and individuals to accept credit card payments without the need for a traditional point-of-sale terminal. The concept addressed a significant gap in the payments market: millions of small businesses and sole proprietors were unable to accept card payments due to the cost and complexity of conventional merchant account systems.

Square's headquarters were initially located in San Francisco. The company moved its offices to the historic Chronicle Building in San Francisco's South of Market neighborhood.[11] In 2013, Square opened new headquarters, further establishing its presence in the city's technology ecosystem.[12]

The company grew rapidly. By 2012, Business Insider ranked Square among its "Digital 100" list of the most valuable private technology companies, valuing the company at $3.2 billion.[13] Square expanded its product offerings beyond the original card reader to include a suite of business tools, including point-of-sale software, business analytics, payroll services, and lending products aimed at small and medium-sized businesses.

IPO and Expansion

Square filed for its initial public offering (IPO) in October 2015, at a time when Dorsey was juggling his dual role as CEO of both Square and Twitter.[14] At the time of its IPO filing, Dorsey held a significant ownership stake in the company.[15] The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange and subsequently grew into a major financial technology platform.

Over the following years, Square expanded into consumer-facing financial services through its Cash App, a peer-to-peer payment application that grew to rival established services in the digital payments space. Cash App became a significant revenue driver for the company, offering features including direct deposit, stock trading, and Bitcoin purchasing.

Rebranding to Block and Bitcoin Focus

In December 2021, Square, Inc. was renamed Block, Inc., reflecting the company's broadened strategic focus beyond its original square card reader. The name "Block" referenced multiple concepts central to the company's evolving identity, including building blocks, neighborhood blocks, and blockchain technology. Dorsey continued as the company's principal executive officer and chairman of the board.[16]

Under Dorsey's leadership, Block placed increasing emphasis on Bitcoin and cryptocurrency. The company invested corporate funds in Bitcoin and developed products and services designed to facilitate Bitcoin transactions for both merchants and consumers. In 2026, Block announced features enabling small businesses to accept Bitcoin payments with zero transaction fees, a move intended to accelerate cryptocurrency adoption among mainstream merchants.[17]

Dorsey's personal advocacy for Bitcoin has been a defining feature of his public profile in recent years. At Block's Investor Day in November 2025, the subject of whether Dorsey could be Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, was raised—a question that Dorsey has not claimed but that has generated public speculation and debate.[18]

2026 Layoffs and AI Strategy

In early 2026, Block underwent significant organizational changes under Dorsey's direction. In February 2026, the company laid off hundreds of employees as part of a broader restructuring that reportedly included cutting up to 10% of its workforce during annual performance reviews.[19] The layoffs were accompanied by an aggressive push to integrate artificial intelligence throughout Block's operations, with Dorsey mandating that employees adopt AI tools as part of their daily workflows.[20]

The combined effect of the layoffs and the AI mandates generated significant internal backlash. Reporting by WIRED described the layoffs as "rolling" in nature, with employees remaining at the company expressing uncertainty about the direction of the restructuring.[21] Additional reporting indicated that the company was experiencing operational difficulties as it attempted to overhaul its workforce in favor of AI-driven processes.[22]

Block was scheduled to report its fourth-quarter 2025 earnings in late February 2026, with analysts closely watching the financial impact of the restructuring and AI integration efforts.[23]

Board Memberships

Beyond his roles at Twitter and Square/Block, Dorsey has served on several corporate and advisory boards. In December 2013, he was appointed to the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company.[24] He departed the Disney board in January 2018.[25] Dorsey has also served on the Berggruen Institute's Governance Center.

Personal Life

Dorsey has expressed interest in urban planning and city governance. In a 2013 interview with CNN, he discussed his desire to potentially serve as mayor of New York City, reflecting his long-standing interest in urban systems and infrastructure.[26]

In 2019, Dorsey participated in the #TeamTrees campaign, a charitable initiative organized to raise funds for tree planting. The campaign, which was promoted by internet personality MrBeast and the Arbor Day Foundation, raised millions of dollars for reforestation efforts. Dorsey was among the prominent technology figures who contributed to and promoted the initiative.[27]

Dorsey has been publicly associated with various wellness and lifestyle practices, including meditation and fasting, which have attracted media attention. He has spoken publicly about his interest in Bitcoin not only as a financial technology but as a philosophical and political project related to decentralization and individual sovereignty.

Recognition

Dorsey has received recognition from both the technology industry and civic institutions. In 2011, the San Francisco Business Times named him Executive of the Year, citing his work in building both Twitter and Square into significant technology companies.[28]

Also in 2011, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg recognized Dorsey's contributions to technology and commerce in New York City. The Office of the Mayor of New York City issued a public statement acknowledging Dorsey's work.[29]

Dorsey's dual role as CEO of two publicly traded companies drew comparisons to other technology leaders who have managed multiple large-scale ventures simultaneously. His leadership of Twitter during its cultural and political ascendance, combined with his role in building Square into a major financial services company, established him as one of the more prominent figures in Silicon Valley during the 2010s.

In the fashion and design world, Women's Wear Daily (WWD) profiled Dorsey's efforts to simplify commerce through Square's technology, noting the platform's impact on how small businesses and independent designers process transactions.[30]

Legacy

Jack Dorsey's influence on the technology industry rests on two distinct but related contributions: the creation of a real-time public messaging platform that altered the dynamics of global communication, media, and politics, and the development of a financial technology platform that expanded access to digital payments for small businesses and independent merchants.

Twitter, which Dorsey co-founded in 2006, became a central platform for political discourse, breaking news, and cultural conversation. The service's format of short, public messages—originally limited to 140 characters—created a new paradigm for how individuals, organizations, and governments communicated with the public. During Dorsey's tenures as CEO, Twitter grew from a startup to a publicly traded company with global reach, though the platform also faced persistent challenges related to misinformation, harassment, and content moderation.

Square, later renamed Block, addressed a fundamental problem in the payments industry by making it simple and affordable for small merchants to accept credit card payments. The company's original card reader, which plugged into a smartphone, became a ubiquitous tool at farmers' markets, food trucks, and small retail shops. The subsequent development of Cash App expanded Block's reach into consumer financial services, including peer-to-peer payments and cryptocurrency transactions.

Dorsey's more recent focus on Bitcoin and decentralized technology has positioned him as a prominent advocate for cryptocurrency adoption in mainstream commerce. His decision to rename Square to Block and to orient the company's strategy around Bitcoin and blockchain technology signals a long-term commitment to decentralized financial infrastructure. The 2026 introduction of zero-fee Bitcoin acceptance for small businesses through Block represents a continuation of Dorsey's original mission with Square: simplifying financial transactions for small-scale merchants.

The organizational challenges at Block in early 2026—including mass layoffs and the controversial mandate to integrate AI into employee workflows—illustrate the tensions inherent in rapid corporate transformation. The outcome of these initiatives will likely shape the next phase of Dorsey's legacy as a technology executive.

References

  1. ↑ "Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp".Bloomberg.2015-10-14.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  2. ↑ "Bluesky | History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features".Britannica Money.https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  3. ↑ "Jack Dorsey's Bitcoin Revolution Small Businesses Now Accept BTC With ZERO Fees".Binance.2026-02-23.https://www.binance.com/en-NG/square/post/294764551085649.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  4. ↑ "Twitter's Growing Pains".The New York Times.2008-10-21.https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/technology/start-ups/21twitter.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  5. ↑ "Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey".InformationWeek.2008-06.http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/06/twitter_ceo_jac_2.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  6. ↑ "Twitter CEO Dorsey Steps Aside".CNET.2008.http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  7. ↑ "Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp".Bloomberg.2015-10-14.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  8. ↑ "Jack Dorsey: The Man with Two Brains".Fortune.2011-06-02.http://fortune.com/2011/06/02/jack-dorsey-the-man-with-two-brains/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  9. ↑ "Bluesky | History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features".Britannica Money.https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  10. ↑ "Bluesky | History, Social Media, Jack Dorsey, & Features".Britannica Money.https://www.britannica.com/money/Bluesky.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  11. ↑ "CHD Office Space: Square, San Francisco's Chronicle Building".California Home Design.2011-06-30.http://www.californiahomedesign.com/blog/2011/06/30/chd-office-space-square-san-franciscos-chronicle-building.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  12. ↑ "Square Opens New Headquarters".Square.2013.https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142657/https://squareup.com/news/releases/2013/square-opens-new-headquarters.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  13. ↑ "2012 Digital 100".Business Insider.2012.http://www.businessinsider.com/2012-digital-100#7-square-32-billion-7.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  14. ↑ "Square Files for IPO as CEO Dorsey Juggles Twitter Revamp".Bloomberg.2015-10-14.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/square-files-for-ipo-as-ceo-dorsey-juggles-twitter-revamp.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  15. ↑ "Square Ownership Dorsey IPO".Fortune.2015-10-14.http://fortune.com/2015/10/14/square-ownership-dorsey-ipo/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  16. ↑ "About Square".Square.https://squareup.com/about#board.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  17. ↑ "Jack Dorsey's Bitcoin Revolution Small Businesses Now Accept BTC With ZERO Fees".Binance.2026-02-23.https://www.binance.com/en-NG/square/post/294764551085649.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  18. ↑ "Jack Dorsey Sparks Debate: Could He Be the Elusive Satoshi Nakamoto?".Investopedia.2026-01.https://www.investopedia.com/jack-dorsey-sparks-debate-11880164.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  19. ↑ "Dorsey's Block cutting up to 10% of staff, Bloomberg News reports".Reuters.2026-02-07.https://www.reuters.com/business/dorseys-block-cutting-up-10-staff-bloomberg-news-reports-2026-02-07/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  20. ↑ HaynesKevinKevin"Jack Dorsey Faces Employee Backlash After Mass Layoffs and AI Mandates at Block".Inc..2026-02-21.https://www.inc.com/kevin-haynes/jack-dorsey-faces-employee-backlash-after-mass-layoffs-and-ai-mandates-at-block-inc/91306381.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  21. ↑ "Inside the Rolling Layoffs at Jack Dorsey's Block".WIRED.2026-02-19.https://www.wired.com/story/inside-rolling-layoffs-jack-dorsey-block/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  22. ↑ "Jack Dorsey's New Company Falling Apart as It Forces Employees to Use AI".Futurism.2026-02-20.https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/jack-dorsey-block-falling-apart-ai.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  23. ↑ "Jack Dorsey's Block Gears For Q4 Earnings".Benzinga.2026-02-23.https://www.benzinga.com/crypto/cryptocurrency/26/02/50772911/jack-dorseys-block-gears-for-q4-earnings-analyst-expectations-key-technical-signals-price-targets-and-all-you-need-to-know.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  24. ↑ "Jack Dorsey Joins Disney".TechCrunch.2013-12-23.https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/23/jack-dorsey-joins-disney/?ncid=tcdaily.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  25. ↑ "Facebook's Sandberg, Twitter's Dorsey to Depart Disney Board".Bloomberg.2018-01-13.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-13/facebook-s-sandberg-twitter-s-dorsey-to-depart-disney-board.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  26. ↑ "Jack Dorsey on His Desire to Be Mayor of New York City, Steve Jobs, and Being a Bachelor".CNN.2013-03-21.http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/21/jack-dorsey-on-his-desire-to-be-mayor-of-new-york-city-steve-jobs-and-being-a-bachelor/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  27. ↑ "TeamTrees".TeamTrees.https://teamtrees.org/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  28. ↑ "Executive of the Year: Jack Dorsey".San Francisco Business Times.2011-12-23.http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2011/12/23/executive-of-the-year-jack-dorsey.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  29. ↑ "Mayor Bloomberg Announcement".NYC.gov.2011.http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2011a/pr104-11.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  30. ↑ "Dorsey Looks to Simplify Commerce with Square".Women's Wear Daily.2014-01-16.http://www.wwd.com/business-news/technology/dorsey-looks-to-simplify-commerce-with-square-7365024?src=nl/mornReport/20140116.Retrieved 2026-02-23.

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