Peter Hotez: Difference between revisions

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| image = Peter Hotez 2019 Texas Book Festival.jpg
| image = Peter Hotez 2019 Texas Book Festival.jpg
| caption = Hotez in 2019
| caption = Hotez in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|5|5}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|5|5}}
| birth_place = Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
| birth_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| nationality = American
| nationality = American
| occupation = Physician-scientist, academic, author
| occupation = Scientist, pediatrician, author, public health advocate
| known_for = Neglected tropical disease research, vaccine development, science advocacy
| known_for = Neglected tropical disease research, vaccine development, science advocacy
| employer = Baylor College of Medicine
| employer = [[Baylor College of Medicine]], [[Texas Children's Hospital]]
| title = Founding Dean, National School of Tropical Medicine; Director, Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development
| title = Founding Dean, National School of Tropical Medicine; Director, Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development
| education = Ph.D., Rockefeller University; M.D., Weill Cornell Medical College
| education = [[Yale University]] (PhD), [[Weill Cornell Medicine]] (MD)
| awards = Bailey K. Ashford Medal, H.B. Ward Medal, B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award
| awards = Bailey K. Ashford Medal, B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award, H.B. Ward Medal
| website = {{URL|http://www.peterhotez.org/}}
| website = [http://www.peterhotez.org/ peterhotez.org]
}}
}}


'''Peter Jay Hotez''' (born May 5, 1958) is an American scientist, pediatrician, and author whose career has centered on the study and control of neglected tropical diseases, vaccine development, and global health policy. As the founding dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, Hotez has spent decades working to develop vaccines for diseases that disproportionately affect the world's poorest populations. He serves as Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine and as Director of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, one of the largest academic vaccine development centers in the world.<ref name="baylor">{{cite web |title=Peter Hotez |url=http://www.peterhotez.org/ |publisher=PeterHotez.org |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Hotez also holds the position of University Professor of Biology at Baylor University and has served as president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. A founding Editor-in-Chief of ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases'', he has authored numerous books and scientific publications. In recent years, Hotez has become a prominent public voice in debates surrounding vaccine hesitancy, anti-science movements, and the intersection of public health and political polarization, drawing both significant support and intense opposition for his outspoken advocacy.<ref name="npr2025">{{cite news |date=September 10, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez takes the war against science very personally : Goats and Soda |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/09/10/g-s1-87614/dr-peter-hotez-science-rfk-jr |work=NPR |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
'''Peter Jay Hotez''' (born May 5, 1958) is an American scientist, pediatrician, and author whose career has centered on the development of vaccines for neglected tropical diseases and the broader promotion of global public health. He serves as the founding dean of the [[National School of Tropical Medicine]] at [[Baylor College of Medicine]], where he holds the positions of Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Director of the [[Texas Children's Hospital]] Center for Vaccine Development, and Endowed Chair in Tropical Pediatrics.<ref name="baylor">{{cite web |title=Peter Hotez |url=http://www.peterhotez.org/ |publisher=PeterHotez.org |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He also serves as University Professor of Biology at [[Baylor University]]. A former president of the [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]], Hotez has been a central figure in efforts to develop low-cost vaccines for diseases that disproportionately affect populations living in poverty. He is a founding editor-in-chief of ''[[PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'' and co-director of Parasites Without Borders, a global nonprofit organization focused on parasitic diseases in subtropical environments.<ref name="baylor" /> In recent years, Hotez has become one of the most prominent public voices in the United States opposing anti-vaccine activism and what he describes as organized movements against science, authoring multiple books and delivering frequent public commentary on the subject.<ref name="npr2025">{{cite news |last=Godoy |first=Maria |date=September 10, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez takes the war against science very personally |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/09/10/g-s1-87614/dr-peter-hotez-science-rfk-jr |work=NPR |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


Peter Jay Hotez was born on May 5, 1958, in Hartford, Connecticut.<ref name="baylor" /> He grew up in the northeastern United States during a period of significant advances in American public health and biomedical science. Details about his parents and family background during his formative years are limited in publicly available sources, though Hotez has spoken in various interviews and in his published works about the influences that drew him toward science and medicine at an early age.
Peter Jay Hotez was born on May 5, 1958, in [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref name="baylor" /> Details regarding his parents and upbringing in Connecticut are limited in available sources, though his later academic trajectory indicates an early interest in the biological sciences. Hotez grew up during a period of significant expansion in American biomedical research and public health infrastructure, and he would go on to pursue advanced education in both science and medicine.


Hotez developed an interest in parasitology and tropical medicine that would come to define his career. His early fascination with the biological sciences led him to pursue higher education in both research and clinical medicine, an unusual dual path that would later enable him to bridge the gap between laboratory discovery and clinical application in the field of neglected tropical diseases.
Hotez has spoken publicly about his personal connection to issues of disability and neurodevelopment. He is the father of a daughter with autism, an experience that has informed his public engagement on the topic of vaccines and autism. He has used his personal and professional expertise to counter claims linking vaccines to autism spectrum disorder, drawing on both peer-reviewed research and his own family's experience.<ref name="npr2025" />


== Education ==
== Education ==


Hotez pursued an extensive course of academic training that combined scientific research with medical practice. He earned his Ph.D. from Rockefeller University, where he focused on parasitology and the molecular biology of parasitic helminths. He also earned his M.D. from Weill Cornell Medical College, equipping him with both the research expertise and clinical credentials to address tropical diseases from multiple angles.<ref name="gwu">{{cite web |title=Peter Hotez |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~bygeorge/feb08/hotez.html |publisher=George Washington University |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> This dual-degree training positioned Hotez at the intersection of basic science and clinical application, a combination that would prove instrumental in his later work developing vaccines for diseases that had long been overlooked by the pharmaceutical industry and major research institutions.
Hotez pursued a dual path of scientific and medical training. He earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[Yale University]] and his [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] from [[Weill Cornell Medicine|Cornell University Medical College]] (now Weill Cornell Medicine).<ref name="gwu">{{cite web |title=Peter Hotez |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~bygeorge/feb08/hotez.html |publisher=George Washington University |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His doctoral research focused on molecular parasitology, a field that would define the arc of his career. The combined MD-PhD training equipped Hotez with both clinical expertise in pediatrics and a deep grounding in laboratory science, positioning him to work at the intersection of bench research and global health policy.
 
Prior to joining Baylor College of Medicine, Hotez held faculty positions at other institutions, including [[George Washington University]], where he established early programs in tropical medicine and vaccine development.<ref name="gwu" />


== Career ==
== Career ==


=== Early Academic Career and Focus on Neglected Tropical Diseases ===
=== Neglected Tropical Diseases and Vaccine Development ===


Hotez built his early academic career around the study of parasitic diseases, particularly soil-transmitted helminths such as hookworm, which affect hundreds of millions of people in developing nations. He held academic positions at several institutions before arriving at Baylor College of Medicine, where he would establish the programs for which he is best known. His work at George Washington University, where he served on the faculty, helped establish his reputation in the field of tropical medicine and global health.<ref name="gwu" />
Hotez's scientific career has been defined by his focus on [[neglected tropical diseases]] (NTDs) — a group of infectious diseases that affect more than one billion people globally, predominantly in low-income countries and impoverished communities. These diseases, which include [[hookworm disease]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[Chagas disease]], and [[leishmaniasis]], have historically received minimal funding for research and drug or vaccine development relative to their disease burden. Hotez has been instrumental in drawing attention to NTDs as a major public health priority and in developing low-cost vaccines to combat them.


Throughout his career, Hotez has focused on what he and other researchers term "neglected tropical diseases" (NTDs) — a group of parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections that disproportionately affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical regions. These diseases, including hookworm, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, receive comparatively little funding for research and drug development relative to their global burden. Hotez has argued that NTDs represent not only a medical challenge but a major contributor to cycles of poverty, as chronic infections can impair childhood development, reduce economic productivity, and perpetuate social inequality.<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Bruce |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Look What Happens When You Pay Attention To Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2017/04/24/look-what-happens-when-you-pay-attention-to-neglected-tropical-diseases/#1c513bba221a |work=Forbes |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
At the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, which Hotez directs, research teams have worked on developing vaccines for several NTDs. Among the most notable projects is the development of a recombinant vaccine for hookworm infection, which entered clinical trials.<ref name="hookworm_trial">{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial: Hookworm Vaccine (NCT01261130) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01261130?term=NCT01261130&rank=1 |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Another significant effort has been the development of a vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis, which also advanced to clinical testing.<ref name="schisto_trial">{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial: Schistosomiasis Vaccine (NCT02337855) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02337855 |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> These vaccine programs are notable not only for their scientific innovation but also for their emphasis on producing vaccines at low cost, making them accessible to the populations most affected by these diseases.


=== National School of Tropical Medicine ===
Hotez has articulated a concept he describes as "blue marble health," which emphasizes that neglected tropical diseases are not confined to developing countries but also affect impoverished populations within wealthy nations, including the United States. He has pointed to the persistence of NTDs in the [[Gulf Coast]] region of the United States as evidence that poverty-related diseases exist even within high-income countries.<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Bruce |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Look What Happens When You Pay Attention To Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2017/04/24/look-what-happens-when-you-pay-attention-to-neglected-tropical-diseases/#1c513bba221a |work=Forbes |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Hotez serves as the founding dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, which was established to train the next generation of researchers and clinicians in tropical medicine and to conduct research on diseases endemic to the Gulf Coast region and the developing world.<ref name="baylor" /> Under his leadership, the school has focused on the recognition that neglected tropical diseases are not confined to distant countries but also affect populations within the United States, particularly in impoverished communities in the American South and along the Gulf Coast.<ref name="chron">{{cite news |date=2011 |title=Peter Hotez and Tropical Medicine |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7601893.html |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
A key publication co-authored by Hotez outlined the global burden of NTDs and the potential for integrated control strategies, contributing to a broader movement within global health to address these diseases through mass drug administration, vaccine development, and improved sanitation.<ref name="plos_paper">{{cite web |title=The Global Burden of Disease Study and Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/11016/1/pmed.0030112.pdf |publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Online |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


The establishment of a tropical medicine school within a major American academic medical center represented a significant institutional commitment to a field that had long been underfunded relative to other areas of biomedical research. The school offers training programs and conducts research in areas including helminth biology, vaccine development, and the epidemiology of tropical infections in the Americas.
=== National School of Tropical Medicine ===


=== Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development ===
In 2011, Hotez was appointed the founding dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas.<ref name="chron">{{cite news |date=2011 |title=Baylor College of Medicine launches National School of Tropical Medicine |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7601893.html |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> The establishment of the school represented a significant institutional investment in tropical medicine research and education within the United States, and Hotez played a central role in its creation and development. The school's mission encompasses training the next generation of tropical medicine specialists, conducting research on NTDs, and developing new tools — including vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics — for diseases of poverty.


As Director of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Hotez has led efforts to create low-cost vaccines for neglected tropical diseases — an endeavor he has described as filling a gap left by the commercial pharmaceutical industry, which has historically had limited financial incentive to develop vaccines for diseases that primarily affect the poorest populations.<ref name="baylor" />
Under Hotez's leadership, the National School of Tropical Medicine has become a hub for research on diseases that disproportionately affect the world's poorest populations. The school's affiliation with both Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital has provided a platform for translating laboratory research into clinical applications.


One of the center's notable projects is the development of a recombinant vaccine for hookworm disease, which has undergone clinical trials.<ref name="hookworm_trial">{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial NCT01261130 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01261130?term=NCT01261130&rank=1 |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Hookworm infection affects an estimated 400 million or more people globally and is a leading cause of anemia and malnutrition in endemic areas. The center has also pursued vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases.<ref name="schisto_trial">{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial NCT02337855 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02337855 |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
=== PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases ===


Hotez and his colleagues have pursued a model of vaccine development that emphasizes low production costs and partnerships with manufacturers in developing countries, with the goal of making vaccines accessible and affordable to the populations most in need. This approach has been described as a form of "antipoverty" vaccine development, reflecting Hotez's broader argument that disease control is inseparable from economic development.
Hotez served as the founding editor-in-chief of ''[[PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'', an open-access journal launched to provide a dedicated venue for publishing research on diseases that had been historically underrepresented in the scientific literature. The creation of the journal was part of a broader strategy to elevate the profile of NTD research within the global scientific community and to ensure that findings were freely accessible to researchers and public health practitioners worldwide, particularly those in resource-limited settings.


=== PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases ===
=== American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ===


Hotez co-founded and served as founding Editor-in-Chief of ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases'', an open-access scientific journal launched to provide a dedicated publication venue for research on diseases that had historically received insufficient attention in mainstream medical and scientific journals.<ref name="plos_paper">{{cite web |title=The Global Burden of Disease Study and Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/11016/1/pmed.0030112.pdf |publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> The journal, part of the Public Library of Science (PLOS) family of open-access publications, has become a key resource in the NTD research community. By providing open-access publication, the journal ensures that research findings are freely available to scientists, public health officials, and policymakers in low-income countries where access to subscription-based scientific literature is often limited.
Hotez served as president of the [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] (ASTMH), one of the leading professional organizations in the field of tropical medicine and global health.<ref name="astmh_press">{{cite web |title=ASTMH Press Release |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185704/http://www.astmh.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2879 |publisher=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His tenure as president reflected his standing within the tropical medicine community and provided a platform for advancing his agenda on NTD control and vaccine development.


=== Parasites Without Borders ===
=== Parasites Without Borders ===


Hotez serves as co-director of Parasites Without Borders, a global nonprofit organization focused on those suffering from parasitic diseases in subtropical environments.<ref name="baylor" /> The organization works to raise awareness of the global burden of parasitic infections and to support research and intervention programs aimed at controlling these diseases in endemic regions.
Hotez co-directs Parasites Without Borders, a global nonprofit organization that focuses on addressing the burden of parasitic diseases in subtropical environments. The organization supports research, advocacy, and public education efforts aimed at reducing the impact of parasitic infections on vulnerable populations.<ref name="baylor" />


=== Professional Leadership ===
=== Science Advocacy and Opposition to Anti-Vaccine Movements ===
 
Hotez has held leadership positions in several major scientific and professional organizations. He served as president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH), the principal professional society for tropical medicine and global health researchers in the United States.<ref name="astmh_press">{{cite web |title=ASTMH Press Release |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185704/http://www.astmh.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2879 |publisher=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
 
He was named a member of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Council of Councils, an advisory body that provides recommendations to the NIH Director on matters related to the policies and activities of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives.<ref name="nih">{{cite web |title=New NIH Council of Councils Members Named |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-nih-council-councils-members-named-1 |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
 
Hotez was elected as a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine in the United States.<ref name="iom">{{cite web |title=IOM Member Directory |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528074506/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020002523 |publisher=Institute of Medicine |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He was also elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="amacad">{{cite web |title=New Fellows |url=https://www.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx?s=a |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


=== Science Advocacy and Opposition to Anti-Vaccine Movements ===
In addition to his laboratory research and institutional leadership, Hotez has become one of the most prominent public voices in the United States advocating for the value of science and opposing what he characterizes as organized anti-science and anti-vaccine movements. This dimension of his career has grown substantially since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and has continued to expand in subsequent years.


In addition to his laboratory and clinical work, Hotez has become one of the most prominent American scientists engaged in public advocacy for vaccination and against what he characterizes as organized anti-science and anti-vaccine movements. This dimension of his public career intensified significantly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, when debates over vaccination, public health mandates, and the role of scientific expertise in policymaking became deeply politicized.
Hotez has been a frequent commentator in national and international media on topics related to vaccines, public health misinformation, and the politicization of science. He has argued that anti-vaccine activism in the United States has become increasingly organized and politically influential, posing direct threats to public health.<ref name="apha">{{cite web |title=The Rise of American Antivaccine Activism and its Globalization |url=https://www.apha.org/events-and-meetings/apha-calendar/the-rise-of-american-antivaccine-activism |publisher=American Public Health Association |date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Hotez has published extensively on what he describes as the convergence of anti-vaccine activism with broader political movements, arguing that opposition to vaccination has become intertwined with political polarization in the United States and globally. He has traced the historical roots of American anti-vaccine activism and its globalization in public lectures and published works.<ref name="apha">{{cite web |title=The Rise of American Antivaccine Activism and its Globalization |url=https://www.apha.org/events-and-meetings/apha-calendar/the-rise-of-american-antivaccine-activism |publisher=American Public Health Association |date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In 2023, a notable public exchange occurred when podcast host [[Joe Rogan]] invited Hotez to debate [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], a prominent vaccine skeptic, on Rogan's podcast. Hotez declined the debate format but the episode generated significant public attention and became emblematic of broader tensions between the scientific community and anti-vaccine advocacy.<ref name="npr2025" />


In 2023, a widely publicized episode brought Hotez significant public attention when podcast host Joe Rogan invited him to debate Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a prominent vaccine skeptic, on Rogan's podcast. Hotez declined the debate format, arguing that scientific evidence should not be treated as a matter of equal debate between credentialed scientists and non-scientists. The episode generated substantial media coverage and both support and criticism of Hotez's position.<ref name="npr2025" />
Hotez has authored multiple books on the subject of science and society, including a 2025 book titled ''Science Under Siege'', which examines how disinformation threatens global health and scientific progress.<ref name="houston_media">{{cite news |date=September 15, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez: How to fight back in the war on science |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2025/09/15/530877/dr-peter-hotez-how-to-fight-back-in-the-war-on-science/ |work=Houston Public Media |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He has discussed the themes of the book in numerous public appearances, including a conversation with climate scientist [[Michael Mann]] at the [[Baker Institute for Public Policy]] at [[Rice University]], where both scientists discussed the interconnected challenges of pandemics, climate change, and organized opposition to scientific consensus.<ref name="baker">{{cite web |title=Science Under Siege: A Conversation With Dr. Peter Hotez & Dr. Michael Mann |url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/event/science-under-siege-conversation-dr-peter-hotez-dr-michael-mann |publisher=Baker Institute for Public Policy |date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


By 2025, Hotez had emerged as a vocal critic of what he described as a broader "war on science," encompassing not only anti-vaccine activism but also attacks on public health infrastructure, climate science, and federal research funding. He has discussed these themes at institutions including the Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, where he participated in a conversation with climate scientist Michael Mann on the topic of "Science Under Siege."<ref name="baker">{{cite web |title=Science Under Siege: A Conversation With Dr. Peter Hotez & Dr. Michael Mann |url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/event/science-under-siege-conversation-dr-peter-hotez-dr-michael-mann |publisher=Baker Institute for Public Policy |date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In a 2025 appearance on the Yale Insights podcast ''Health Veritas'', Hotez discussed what he described as an "anti-science machine," detailing the networks and funding structures that he argues sustain organized opposition to vaccines and other public health measures.<ref name="yale_insights">{{cite news |date=November 27, 2025 |title=Peter Hotez: Mapping the Anti-Science Machine |url=https://insights.som.yale.edu/podcasts/health-veritas/peter-hotez-mapping-the-anti-science-machine |work=Yale Insights |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Hotez has also spoken publicly about the impact of shifting U.S. health policy on childhood vaccination, federal public health funding, and disease surveillance, particularly in the context of policy changes in 2025.<ref name="tpr">{{cite news |date=December 31, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez looks back over a year of seismic shifts in U.S. health policy |url=https://www.tpr.org/podcast/petrie-dish/2025-12-31/dr-peter-hotez-looks-back-over-a-year-of-seismic-shifts-in-u-s-health-policy |work=Texas Public Radio |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In late 2025, Hotez reflected publicly on what he described as a year of significant changes in United States health policy, including shifts in childhood vaccine recommendations and federal public health funding. He discussed these developments in an interview with Texas Public Radio, where he assessed the impact of policy changes on public health infrastructure.<ref name="tpr">{{cite news |date=December 31, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez looks back over a year of seismic shifts in U.S. health policy |url=https://www.tpr.org/podcast/petrie-dish/2025-12-31/dr-peter-hotez-looks-back-over-a-year-of-seismic-shifts-in-u-s-health-policy |work=Texas Public Radio |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


In 2025, he published the book ''Science Under Siege'', in which he addresses the threats posed by disinformation to global health and science. He discussed the book on Houston Public Media and other outlets, articulating his views on how to counter organized anti-science movements.<ref name="hpm">{{cite news |date=September 15, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez: How to fight back in the war on science |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2025/09/15/530877/dr-peter-hotez-how-to-fight-back-in-the-war-on-science/ |work=Houston Public Media |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
=== NIH Advisory Role ===


Hotez has appeared on numerous podcasts and media programs to discuss these themes, including at Yale School of Management's Health & Veritas podcast, where he discussed "Mapping the Anti-Science Machine."<ref name="yale_insights">{{cite web |title=Peter Hotez: Mapping the Anti-Science Machine |url=https://insights.som.yale.edu/podcasts/health-veritas/peter-hotez-mapping-the-anti-science-machine |publisher=Yale Insights |date=November 27, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Hotez was named a member of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) Council of Councils, an advisory body that provides guidance to the NIH Director on matters related to the policies and activities of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives.<ref name="nih">{{cite web |title=New NIH Council of Councils Members Named |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-nih-council-councils-members-named-1 |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> This appointment reflected his expertise in global health and vaccine science and placed him in a position to influence federal research priorities.


== Personal Life ==
== Personal Life ==


Hotez resides in Houston, Texas, where he has been based for much of his career at Baylor College of Medicine. In a 2025 feature in the ''Houston Chronicle'', Hotez described aspects of his daily life in the city, including walks in the Montrose neighborhood and shopping for blues records at Cactus Music, reflecting his long-standing connection to Houston's cultural life.<ref name="hc">{{cite news |date=November 27, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez shares how to have the best day ever in Houston |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/projects/best-day-ever/peter-hotez/ |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Hotez is based in [[Houston, Texas]], where he has lived and worked since joining Baylor College of Medicine. In a 2025 profile in the ''Houston Chronicle'', he described aspects of his daily life in Houston, including his enjoyment of the city's Vietnamese food, walks in the [[Montrose, Houston|Montrose]] neighborhood, and shopping for blues records at Cactus Music.<ref name="houstchron">{{cite news |date=November 27, 2025 |title=Dr. Peter Hotez shares how to have the best day ever in Houston |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/projects/best-day-ever/peter-hotez/ |work=Houston Chronicle |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Hotez has spoken and written publicly about his experience as the father of a child with autism, a personal dimension that has informed his engagement with the debate over vaccines and autism. He has stated that scientific evidence does not support a link between vaccines and autism, and he has used his personal experience to counter claims made by anti-vaccine activists. His advocacy on this topic has been a subject of both praise and controversy.
Hotez has spoken publicly about his experience as the father of a daughter with [[autism spectrum disorder]]. He has used this personal experience to counter unfounded claims linking vaccines to autism, emphasizing both the scientific evidence disproving such a connection and the human dimension of the issue from the perspective of a parent and a scientist.<ref name="npr2025" />


== Recognition ==
== Recognition ==


Hotez has received numerous awards and honors throughout his career in recognition of his contributions to tropical medicine, vaccine development, and global health.
Hotez has received numerous awards and honors over the course of his career, reflecting both his scientific contributions and his public engagement.


He received the Bailey K. Ashford Medal from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, one of the society's highest honors, awarded for distinguished work in tropical medicine.<ref name="ashford">{{cite web |title=Bailey K. Ashford Medal |url=http://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/awards-and-honors/bailey-k-ashford-medal |publisher=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
He was awarded the '''Bailey K. Ashford Medal''' by the [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]], one of the society's most prestigious honors, recognizing distinguished work in tropical medicine.<ref name="ashford">{{cite web |title=Bailey K. Ashford Medal |url=http://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/awards-and-honors/bailey-k-ashford-medal |publisher=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


He was awarded the H.B. Ward Medal by the American Society of Parasitologists for his contributions to the field of parasitology.<ref name="ward">{{cite web |title=H.B. Ward Medal Award |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610010713/http://asp.unl.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:hb-ward-medal-award&catid=39:awards-and-lectures&Itemid=63 |publisher=American Society of Parasitologists |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
He received the '''H.B. Ward Medal''' from the [[American Society of Parasitologists]], awarded for contributions to the field of parasitology.<ref name="ward">{{cite web |title=H.B. Ward Medal Award |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610010713/http://asp.unl.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:hb-ward-medal-award&catid=39:awards-and-lectures&Itemid=63 |publisher=American Society of Parasitologists |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Hotez received the B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award for his work in tropical medicine and global health.<ref name="bnaibrith">{{cite web |title=Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine to Receive B'nai B'rith's Distinguished Achievement Award |url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/press-releases/dean-of-the-national-school-of-tropical-medicine-to-receive-bnai-briths-distinguished-achievement-award |publisher=B'nai B'rith International |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Hotez was a recipient of the '''B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award''', presented to him for his leadership in tropical medicine and global health.<ref name="bnaibrith">{{cite web |title=Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine to Receive B'nai B'rith's Distinguished Achievement Award |url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/press-releases/dean-of-the-national-school-of-tropical-medicine-to-receive-bnai-briths-distinguished-achievement-award |publisher=B'nai B'rith International |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


His election to the National Academy of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences represents recognition by two of the most prestigious learned societies in the United States.<ref name="iom" /><ref name="amacad" />
He was elected a member of the [[National Academy of Medicine]] (formerly the [[Institute of Medicine]]), one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine in the United States.<ref name="iom">{{cite web |title=Institute of Medicine Member Directory — Peter Hotez |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528074506/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020002523 |publisher=Institute of Medicine |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


In 2025, Hotez was honored by the Yale School of Public Health, which recognized him for his contributions to vaccine development and his role as a public advocate for science.<ref name="yale_honor">{{cite web |title=Acclaimed physician-scientist and vaccine advocate honored |url=https://ysph.yale.edu/news-article/acclaimed-physician-scientist-and-vaccine-advocate-honored/ |publisher=Yale School of Public Health |date=May 12, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Hotez was also elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], recognizing his contributions across the sciences and public life.<ref name="amacad">{{cite web |title=New Fellows — American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx?s=a |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
 
In 2025, Hotez was honored by the [[Yale School of Public Health]] for his contributions to vaccine development and science advocacy.<ref name="yale_honor">{{cite web |title=Acclaimed physician-scientist and vaccine advocate honored |url=https://ysph.yale.edu/news-article/acclaimed-physician-scientist-and-vaccine-advocate-honored/ |publisher=Yale School of Public Health |date=May 12, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==


Peter Hotez's career has spanned multiple dimensions of the global health enterprise — from laboratory research on the molecular biology of parasitic worms to the development and clinical testing of vaccines, the creation of scientific institutions and journals, and prominent public engagement on the role of science in society. His work on neglected tropical diseases has contributed to increased awareness of the burden these conditions place on impoverished populations and to the development of new tools for their control.
Peter Hotez's career spans several decades of work at the intersection of laboratory science, clinical medicine, global health policy, and public advocacy. His contributions to the field of neglected tropical diseases have helped reshape how the global health community understands and addresses diseases of poverty. Through his leadership of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development and the National School of Tropical Medicine, he has built institutional infrastructure dedicated to developing affordable health tools for populations that are often overlooked by commercial pharmaceutical research.


The establishment of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine represents an institutional legacy in the American academic landscape, reaffirming tropical medicine as a discipline relevant not only to international health but to health disparities within the United States. The Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, under his direction, has pursued a model of vaccine development specifically designed to serve populations neglected by conventional pharmaceutical markets.
His role as a founding editor-in-chief of ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases'' contributed to the establishment of a dedicated academic platform for NTD research, helping to professionalize and legitimize a field that had long struggled for recognition and funding within the broader biomedical research establishment.<ref name="forbes" />


As Editor-in-Chief of ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases'', Hotez helped create a publication infrastructure that has elevated the visibility of NTD research in the global scientific community. The journal's open-access model has been particularly significant for researchers and health officials in low-income countries.
In the 2020s, Hotez's public profile expanded significantly as he became a frequent and outspoken commentator on the dangers of anti-vaccine activism and health misinformation. His willingness to engage directly with public debates about vaccines and science policy, including through media appearances, books, and social media, has made him a polarizing but influential figure in American public health discourse.<ref name="npr2025" /><ref name="houston_media" />


In the broader public sphere, Hotez has become a figure at the center of debates about the relationship between science, public health, and democratic governance. His insistence on engaging directly with anti-vaccine movements and his willingness to participate in public discourse — including through books, media appearances, and social media — have made him one of the most visible American scientists of his generation. Whether through his research contributions, institutional building, or public advocacy, Hotez has shaped conversations about how societies address infectious diseases and the threats posed by organized opposition to scientific expertise.
His concept of "blue marble health" — which highlights the presence of neglected tropical diseases within wealthy nations, not just in the developing world — has offered a framework for understanding health inequities that transcends traditional geographic boundaries. This perspective has influenced how public health researchers and policymakers think about the distribution of disease burden and the allocation of research resources.<ref name="forbes" />
 
Through his combination of scientific research, institution-building, and public communication, Hotez has occupied a distinctive position in American science and medicine, serving as both a working researcher and a public intellectual engaged in debates about the role of science in democratic societies.<ref name="baker" /><ref name="yale_insights" />


== References ==
== References ==
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Latest revision as of 04:28, 24 February 2026


Peter Hotez
Hotez in 2019
Peter Hotez
BornPeter Jay Hotez
5 5, 1958
BirthplaceHartford, Connecticut, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
OccupationScientist, pediatrician, author, public health advocate
TitleFounding Dean, National School of Tropical Medicine; Director, Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development
EmployerBaylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
Known forNeglected tropical disease research, vaccine development, science advocacy
EducationYale University (PhD), Weill Cornell Medicine (MD)
AwardsBailey K. Ashford Medal, B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award, H.B. Ward Medal
Website[peterhotez.org Official site]

Peter Jay Hotez (born May 5, 1958) is an American scientist, pediatrician, and author whose career has centered on the development of vaccines for neglected tropical diseases and the broader promotion of global public health. He serves as the founding dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, where he holds the positions of Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Director of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, and Endowed Chair in Tropical Pediatrics.[1] He also serves as University Professor of Biology at Baylor University. A former president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Hotez has been a central figure in efforts to develop low-cost vaccines for diseases that disproportionately affect populations living in poverty. He is a founding editor-in-chief of PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases and co-director of Parasites Without Borders, a global nonprofit organization focused on parasitic diseases in subtropical environments.[1] In recent years, Hotez has become one of the most prominent public voices in the United States opposing anti-vaccine activism and what he describes as organized movements against science, authoring multiple books and delivering frequent public commentary on the subject.[2]

Early Life

Peter Jay Hotez was born on May 5, 1958, in Hartford, Connecticut.[1] Details regarding his parents and upbringing in Connecticut are limited in available sources, though his later academic trajectory indicates an early interest in the biological sciences. Hotez grew up during a period of significant expansion in American biomedical research and public health infrastructure, and he would go on to pursue advanced education in both science and medicine.

Hotez has spoken publicly about his personal connection to issues of disability and neurodevelopment. He is the father of a daughter with autism, an experience that has informed his public engagement on the topic of vaccines and autism. He has used his personal and professional expertise to counter claims linking vaccines to autism spectrum disorder, drawing on both peer-reviewed research and his own family's experience.[2]

Education

Hotez pursued a dual path of scientific and medical training. He earned his PhD from Yale University and his MD from Cornell University Medical College (now Weill Cornell Medicine).[3] His doctoral research focused on molecular parasitology, a field that would define the arc of his career. The combined MD-PhD training equipped Hotez with both clinical expertise in pediatrics and a deep grounding in laboratory science, positioning him to work at the intersection of bench research and global health policy.

Prior to joining Baylor College of Medicine, Hotez held faculty positions at other institutions, including George Washington University, where he established early programs in tropical medicine and vaccine development.[3]

Career

Neglected Tropical Diseases and Vaccine Development

Hotez's scientific career has been defined by his focus on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) — a group of infectious diseases that affect more than one billion people globally, predominantly in low-income countries and impoverished communities. These diseases, which include hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, have historically received minimal funding for research and drug or vaccine development relative to their disease burden. Hotez has been instrumental in drawing attention to NTDs as a major public health priority and in developing low-cost vaccines to combat them.

At the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, which Hotez directs, research teams have worked on developing vaccines for several NTDs. Among the most notable projects is the development of a recombinant vaccine for hookworm infection, which entered clinical trials.[4] Another significant effort has been the development of a vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis, which also advanced to clinical testing.[5] These vaccine programs are notable not only for their scientific innovation but also for their emphasis on producing vaccines at low cost, making them accessible to the populations most affected by these diseases.

Hotez has articulated a concept he describes as "blue marble health," which emphasizes that neglected tropical diseases are not confined to developing countries but also affect impoverished populations within wealthy nations, including the United States. He has pointed to the persistence of NTDs in the Gulf Coast region of the United States as evidence that poverty-related diseases exist even within high-income countries.[6]

A key publication co-authored by Hotez outlined the global burden of NTDs and the potential for integrated control strategies, contributing to a broader movement within global health to address these diseases through mass drug administration, vaccine development, and improved sanitation.[7]

National School of Tropical Medicine

In 2011, Hotez was appointed the founding dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas.[8] The establishment of the school represented a significant institutional investment in tropical medicine research and education within the United States, and Hotez played a central role in its creation and development. The school's mission encompasses training the next generation of tropical medicine specialists, conducting research on NTDs, and developing new tools — including vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics — for diseases of poverty.

Under Hotez's leadership, the National School of Tropical Medicine has become a hub for research on diseases that disproportionately affect the world's poorest populations. The school's affiliation with both Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital has provided a platform for translating laboratory research into clinical applications.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Hotez served as the founding editor-in-chief of PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, an open-access journal launched to provide a dedicated venue for publishing research on diseases that had been historically underrepresented in the scientific literature. The creation of the journal was part of a broader strategy to elevate the profile of NTD research within the global scientific community and to ensure that findings were freely accessible to researchers and public health practitioners worldwide, particularly those in resource-limited settings.

American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Hotez served as president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH), one of the leading professional organizations in the field of tropical medicine and global health.[9] His tenure as president reflected his standing within the tropical medicine community and provided a platform for advancing his agenda on NTD control and vaccine development.

Parasites Without Borders

Hotez co-directs Parasites Without Borders, a global nonprofit organization that focuses on addressing the burden of parasitic diseases in subtropical environments. The organization supports research, advocacy, and public education efforts aimed at reducing the impact of parasitic infections on vulnerable populations.[1]

Science Advocacy and Opposition to Anti-Vaccine Movements

In addition to his laboratory research and institutional leadership, Hotez has become one of the most prominent public voices in the United States advocating for the value of science and opposing what he characterizes as organized anti-science and anti-vaccine movements. This dimension of his career has grown substantially since the COVID-19 pandemic and has continued to expand in subsequent years.

Hotez has been a frequent commentator in national and international media on topics related to vaccines, public health misinformation, and the politicization of science. He has argued that anti-vaccine activism in the United States has become increasingly organized and politically influential, posing direct threats to public health.[10]

In 2023, a notable public exchange occurred when podcast host Joe Rogan invited Hotez to debate Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a prominent vaccine skeptic, on Rogan's podcast. Hotez declined the debate format but the episode generated significant public attention and became emblematic of broader tensions between the scientific community and anti-vaccine advocacy.[2]

Hotez has authored multiple books on the subject of science and society, including a 2025 book titled Science Under Siege, which examines how disinformation threatens global health and scientific progress.[11] He has discussed the themes of the book in numerous public appearances, including a conversation with climate scientist Michael Mann at the Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, where both scientists discussed the interconnected challenges of pandemics, climate change, and organized opposition to scientific consensus.[12]

In a 2025 appearance on the Yale Insights podcast Health Veritas, Hotez discussed what he described as an "anti-science machine," detailing the networks and funding structures that he argues sustain organized opposition to vaccines and other public health measures.[13]

In late 2025, Hotez reflected publicly on what he described as a year of significant changes in United States health policy, including shifts in childhood vaccine recommendations and federal public health funding. He discussed these developments in an interview with Texas Public Radio, where he assessed the impact of policy changes on public health infrastructure.[14]

NIH Advisory Role

Hotez was named a member of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Council of Councils, an advisory body that provides guidance to the NIH Director on matters related to the policies and activities of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives.[15] This appointment reflected his expertise in global health and vaccine science and placed him in a position to influence federal research priorities.

Personal Life

Hotez is based in Houston, Texas, where he has lived and worked since joining Baylor College of Medicine. In a 2025 profile in the Houston Chronicle, he described aspects of his daily life in Houston, including his enjoyment of the city's Vietnamese food, walks in the Montrose neighborhood, and shopping for blues records at Cactus Music.[16]

Hotez has spoken publicly about his experience as the father of a daughter with autism spectrum disorder. He has used this personal experience to counter unfounded claims linking vaccines to autism, emphasizing both the scientific evidence disproving such a connection and the human dimension of the issue from the perspective of a parent and a scientist.[2]

Recognition

Hotez has received numerous awards and honors over the course of his career, reflecting both his scientific contributions and his public engagement.

He was awarded the Bailey K. Ashford Medal by the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, one of the society's most prestigious honors, recognizing distinguished work in tropical medicine.[17]

He received the H.B. Ward Medal from the American Society of Parasitologists, awarded for contributions to the field of parasitology.[18]

Hotez was a recipient of the B'nai B'rith Distinguished Achievement Award, presented to him for his leadership in tropical medicine and global health.[19]

He was elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine in the United States.[20]

Hotez was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, recognizing his contributions across the sciences and public life.[21]

In 2025, Hotez was honored by the Yale School of Public Health for his contributions to vaccine development and science advocacy.[22]

Legacy

Peter Hotez's career spans several decades of work at the intersection of laboratory science, clinical medicine, global health policy, and public advocacy. His contributions to the field of neglected tropical diseases have helped reshape how the global health community understands and addresses diseases of poverty. Through his leadership of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development and the National School of Tropical Medicine, he has built institutional infrastructure dedicated to developing affordable health tools for populations that are often overlooked by commercial pharmaceutical research.

His role as a founding editor-in-chief of PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases contributed to the establishment of a dedicated academic platform for NTD research, helping to professionalize and legitimize a field that had long struggled for recognition and funding within the broader biomedical research establishment.[6]

In the 2020s, Hotez's public profile expanded significantly as he became a frequent and outspoken commentator on the dangers of anti-vaccine activism and health misinformation. His willingness to engage directly with public debates about vaccines and science policy, including through media appearances, books, and social media, has made him a polarizing but influential figure in American public health discourse.[2][11]

His concept of "blue marble health" — which highlights the presence of neglected tropical diseases within wealthy nations, not just in the developing world — has offered a framework for understanding health inequities that transcends traditional geographic boundaries. This perspective has influenced how public health researchers and policymakers think about the distribution of disease burden and the allocation of research resources.[6]

Through his combination of scientific research, institution-building, and public communication, Hotez has occupied a distinctive position in American science and medicine, serving as both a working researcher and a public intellectual engaged in debates about the role of science in democratic societies.[12][13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Peter Hotez".PeterHotez.org.http://www.peterhotez.org/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 GodoyMariaMaria"Dr. Peter Hotez takes the war against science very personally".NPR.September 10, 2025.https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/09/10/g-s1-87614/dr-peter-hotez-science-rfk-jr.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Peter Hotez".George Washington University.https://www2.gwu.edu/~bygeorge/feb08/hotez.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  4. ↑ "Clinical Trial: Hookworm Vaccine (NCT01261130)".ClinicalTrials.gov.https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01261130?term=NCT01261130&rank=1.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  5. ↑ "Clinical Trial: Schistosomiasis Vaccine (NCT02337855)".ClinicalTrials.gov.https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02337855.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 LeeBruceBruce"Look What Happens When You Pay Attention To Neglected Tropical Diseases".Forbes.April 24, 2017.https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2017/04/24/look-what-happens-when-you-pay-attention-to-neglected-tropical-diseases/#1c513bba221a.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  7. ↑ "The Global Burden of Disease Study and Neglected Tropical Diseases".London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Online.http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/11016/1/pmed.0030112.pdf.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  8. ↑ "Baylor College of Medicine launches National School of Tropical Medicine".Houston Chronicle.2011.http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7601893.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  9. ↑ "ASTMH Press Release".American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185704/http://www.astmh.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2879.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  10. ↑ "The Rise of American Antivaccine Activism and its Globalization".American Public Health Association.November 7, 2025.https://www.apha.org/events-and-meetings/apha-calendar/the-rise-of-american-antivaccine-activism.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Dr. Peter Hotez: How to fight back in the war on science".Houston Public Media.September 15, 2025.https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2025/09/15/530877/dr-peter-hotez-how-to-fight-back-in-the-war-on-science/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Science Under Siege: A Conversation With Dr. Peter Hotez & Dr. Michael Mann".Baker Institute for Public Policy.August 7, 2025.https://www.bakerinstitute.org/event/science-under-siege-conversation-dr-peter-hotez-dr-michael-mann.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Peter Hotez: Mapping the Anti-Science Machine".Yale Insights.November 27, 2025.https://insights.som.yale.edu/podcasts/health-veritas/peter-hotez-mapping-the-anti-science-machine.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  14. ↑ "Dr. Peter Hotez looks back over a year of seismic shifts in U.S. health policy".Texas Public Radio.December 31, 2025.https://www.tpr.org/podcast/petrie-dish/2025-12-31/dr-peter-hotez-looks-back-over-a-year-of-seismic-shifts-in-u-s-health-policy.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  15. ↑ "New NIH Council of Councils Members Named".National Institutes of Health.https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-nih-council-councils-members-named-1.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  16. ↑ "Dr. Peter Hotez shares how to have the best day ever in Houston".Houston Chronicle.November 27, 2025.https://www.houstonchronicle.com/projects/best-day-ever/peter-hotez/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  17. ↑ "Bailey K. Ashford Medal".American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.http://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/awards-and-honors/bailey-k-ashford-medal.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  18. ↑ "H.B. Ward Medal Award".American Society of Parasitologists.https://web.archive.org/web/20100610010713/http://asp.unl.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:hb-ward-medal-award&catid=39:awards-and-lectures&Itemid=63.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  19. ↑ "Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine to Receive B'nai B'rith's Distinguished Achievement Award".B'nai B'rith International.http://www.bnaibrith.org/press-releases/dean-of-the-national-school-of-tropical-medicine-to-receive-bnai-briths-distinguished-achievement-award.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  20. ↑ "Institute of Medicine Member Directory — Peter Hotez".Institute of Medicine.https://web.archive.org/web/20100528074506/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020002523.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  21. ↑ "New Fellows — American Academy of Arts and Sciences".American Academy of Arts and Sciences.https://www.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx?s=a.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  22. ↑ "Acclaimed physician-scientist and vaccine advocate honored".Yale School of Public Health.May 12, 2025.https://ysph.yale.edu/news-article/acclaimed-physician-scientist-and-vaccine-advocate-honored/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.

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