George Soros: Difference between revisions

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| birth_place = Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary
| birth_place = Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary
| nationality = Hungarian, American
| nationality = Hungarian, American
| occupation = Investor, philanthropist, author
| education = London School of Economics (BSc, MSc)
| education = London School of Economics (BSc, MSc)
| known_for = Soros Fund Management, Open Society Foundations, 1992 Black Wednesday short sale
| occupation = Investor, philanthropist
| spouse = Annaliese Witschak (m. 1960; div. 1983)<br>Susan Weber (m. 1983; div. 2005)<br>Tamiko Bolton (m. 2013)
| known_for = Quantum Fund, Open Society Foundations, Black Wednesday currency trade
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Annaliese Witschak (m. 1960; div. 1983)
* Susan Weber (m. 1983; div. 2005)
* Tamiko Bolton (m. 2013)
}}
| children = 5
| children = 5
| awards = Presidential Medal of Freedom (2025), European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma (2025)
| awards = Presidential Medal of Freedom (2025), European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma (2025)
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}}
}}


George Soros (born György Schwartz; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American investor, philanthropist, and author who founded Soros Fund Management, one of the most profitable hedge fund firms in financial history. Born in Budapest to a non-observant Jewish family, Soros survived the Nazi occupation of Hungary during World War II before emigrating to the United Kingdom in 1947, where he studied philosophy at the London School of Economics. After beginning his career in merchant banking in London and New York, he established his first hedge fund in 1969 and went on to build a fortune through global macro investing strategies. He gained international prominence in 1992 when he short-sold approximately US$10 billion worth of British pounds sterling during the Black Wednesday currency crisis, earning a profit of roughly $1 billion and the sobriquet "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England."<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |date=1993-08-22 |title=The Man Who Moves Markets |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Beyond finance, Soros has become one of the world's most prolific philanthropists. He has donated more than $32 billion to the Open Society Foundations, a network of organizations he created to promote democracy, human rights, and civil society initiatives across the globe.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |date=2018 |title=George Soros: The billionaire who 'broke the Bank of England' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44301342 |work=BBC News |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His philanthropic and political activities have made him a subject of significant public attention and controversy, particularly from nationalist and far-right movements in both Europe and the United States.
George Soros (born György Schwartz; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American investor and philanthropist whose career across more than six decades has made him one of the most prominent figures in global finance and international philanthropy. Born in Budapest to a non-observant Jewish family, Soros survived the Nazi occupation of Hungary during World War II, an experience that shaped his worldview and later philanthropic commitments. After emigrating to the United Kingdom in 1947, he studied philosophy at the London School of Economics before embarking on a career in finance that would take him from London merchant banks to the pinnacle of the hedge fund industry in New York. He is known internationally as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" for his short sale of approximately US$10 billion worth of pounds sterling during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis, a trade that earned him a profit of roughly $1 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=The man who moves markets |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets |publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=1993-08-22 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Through the Open Society Foundations, Soros has donated more than $32 billion to philanthropic causes, making him, according to Forbes, the "most generous giver" in terms of percentage of net worth.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=George Soros |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/ |publisher=Forbes |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His philanthropic activities have focused on promoting civil society, transparency, education, and poverty reduction around the world, while also making him a frequent target of political controversy and conspiracy theories.


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


George Soros was born György Schwartz on August 12, 1930, in Budapest, in the Kingdom of Hungary, to Tivadar and Erzsébet Schwartz, a non-observant Jewish family.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=George Soros |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/ |publisher=Forbes |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His father, Tivadar Soros, was a lawyer and a survivor of Russian captivity during World War I. Tivadar had changed the family surname from Schwartz to Soros, a Hungarian name that also functions as a future-tense verb meaning "will soar" in Esperanto, a language Tivadar spoke fluently.<ref name="salon">{{cite news |date=2010-10-20 |title=George Soros |url=http://www.salon.com/2010/10/20/soros_5/ |work=Salon |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
George Soros was born György Schwartz on August 12, 1930, in Budapest, in the Kingdom of Hungary, to a non-observant Jewish family.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |date=2025-07-30 |title=George Soros Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/george-soros-fast-facts |work=CNN |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His father, Tivadar Soros, was an attorney and a survivor of Russian captivity during World War I. Tivadar, who was an Esperanto speaker and author, changed the family surname from Schwartz to Soros — a word that in Esperanto means "will soar."<ref>{{cite web |title=George Soros biography |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1 |publisher=Business Insider |date=2017-01 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> His brother, Paul Soros, would later become an engineer and philanthropist in the United States.


The young Soros's formative years were shaped by the catastrophic events of World War II. In 1944, when Nazi Germany occupied Hungary, the 13-year-old Soros and his family faced the threat of deportation. Tivadar, drawing on his experience of surviving perilous circumstances, obtained false identity papers for the family and arranged for each member to assume a non-Jewish identity and find separate hiding places. Soros survived the occupation by posing as the Christian godson of a Hungarian government official.<ref name="bbc" /> The experience of living under both Nazi and, subsequently, Soviet occupation left a deep imprint on Soros's worldview, particularly his later commitment to what he termed "open societies"—a concept he would encounter in his philosophical studies and that would become the organizing principle of his philanthropic work.
The Nazi occupation of Hungary in 1944 placed the Soros family in immediate mortal danger. Tivadar Soros, drawing upon his survival instincts honed during World War I, arranged for the family to assume false identities and secure forged documents that concealed their Jewish heritage.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=George Soros: The billionaire at the heart of a conspiracy theory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44301342 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> The young George survived the occupation through these measures, an experience that profoundly influenced his later thinking about open societies, authoritarianism, and the fragility of democratic institutions. The trauma of living under first Nazi and then Soviet totalitarian regimes became a formative element in Soros's intellectual development and his eventual dedication to supporting open societies around the world.


Soros had an older brother, Paul Soros, who also survived the war and later became an engineer and philanthropist in the United States.<ref name="bi-profile">{{cite news |date=2017-01 |title=George Soros: Billionaire Investor Profile |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1 |work=Business Insider |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
In 1947, at the age of 17, Soros left Hungary and emigrated to the United Kingdom.<ref name="cnn" /> Post-war Budapest, falling increasingly under Soviet domination, offered limited prospects, and Soros sought educational and economic opportunities in the West. His departure from Hungary marked the beginning of a new chapter that would take him from the circumstances of a wartime refugee to the world of international finance and global philanthropy.


In 1947, at the age of 17, Soros left Hungary for the United Kingdom. He arrived in London with limited resources and supported himself through a variety of jobs, including working as a railway porter and a waiter, while pursuing his education.<ref name="bbc" />
== Education ==


== Education ==
Soros enrolled at the London School of Economics (LSE), one of the United Kingdom's leading institutions for the social sciences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous alumni from LSE |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/famous-alumni-from-lse-2015-10 |publisher=Business Insider |date=2015-10 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He studied philosophy and was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in philosophy in 1951. He continued his studies at LSE and received a Master of Science degree, also in philosophy, in 1954.<ref name="cnn" />


Soros enrolled at the London School of Economics (LSE), one of the United Kingdom's leading institutions for the social sciences.<ref name="lse">{{cite news |date=2015-10 |title=Famous Alumni from LSE |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/famous-alumni-from-lse-2015-10 |work=Business Insider |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in philosophy in 1951, and subsequently completed a Master of Science degree, also in philosophy, in 1954.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |title=George Soros Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/george-soros-fast-facts |work=CNN |date=2025-07-30 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
During his time at the London School of Economics, Soros was influenced by the philosopher Karl Popper, whose work ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' articulated a defense of liberal democracy against totalitarianism. Popper's concept of the "open society" — a society characterized by a reliance on critical thinking, tolerance, and the rule of law — left a lasting impression on Soros and became the intellectual foundation for much of his later philanthropic work. The name of his principal philanthropic organization, the Open Society Foundations, is a direct reference to Popper's philosophy.<ref name="bbc" />


While at the LSE, Soros studied under the philosopher Karl Popper, whose seminal work ''The Open Society and Its Enemies'' had a profound influence on Soros's intellectual development. Popper's concept of the "open society"—a society characterized by democratic governance, freedom of expression, and respect for individual rights, as opposed to totalitarian and authoritarian regimes—became central to Soros's later philanthropic philosophy.<ref name="bbc" /> Soros has frequently cited Popper as the most important intellectual influence on his thinking, and his study of epistemology and the philosophy of science at the LSE would later inform his development of the theory of reflexivity, which he applied to financial markets.
Based on his philosophical studies, Soros later formulated what he called the "general theory of reflexivity" for capital markets. This theory posits that market participants' biased perceptions can influence the fundamentals that those perceptions are supposed to reflect, creating feedback loops that lead to asset bubbles and market distortions. Soros applied this framework throughout his investment career as a tool for identifying value discrepancies and making trading decisions, including those involving shorting and swapping stocks.


== Career ==
== Career ==
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=== Early Career in Finance ===
=== Early Career in Finance ===


After completing his studies at the London School of Economics, Soros began his career working in merchant banks in the United Kingdom. He subsequently moved to the United States, where he continued to work in the financial sector, taking positions at various American merchant banks and brokerage firms in New York City.<ref name="bi-profile" />
After completing his studies at the London School of Economics, Soros began his professional career working in merchant banks in the United Kingdom. He subsequently moved to the United States, where he continued working in finance at American merchant banks and brokerage firms. During this period, Soros developed his understanding of international financial markets and honed the analytical skills that would define his later career as a hedge fund manager.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Soros billionaire investor profile |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1 |publisher=Business Insider |date=2017-01 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
 
During this early period, Soros developed his understanding of global financial markets and honed the analytical approach that would later distinguish his investing style. His background in philosophy, and particularly his engagement with Popper's ideas about fallibility and the limits of knowledge, informed his evolving perspective on how market participants' perceptions and biases affect market prices—a framework he would formalize as the theory of reflexivity.
 
=== Soros Fund Management and the Quantum Fund ===
 
In 1969, Soros established his first hedge fund, called Double Eagle, with capital he had accumulated during his years in the financial industry.<ref name="bi-profile" /> The profits generated from Double Eagle provided the seed money for the creation of Soros Fund Management in 1970, his second and ultimately more significant fund management vehicle. Double Eagle was subsequently renamed the Quantum Fund and became the principal fund that Soros advised and managed.<ref name="forbes" />


At its founding, the Quantum Fund had approximately $12 million in assets under management. Under Soros's stewardship, the fund achieved extraordinary returns over several decades, compounding at an annualized rate that far exceeded market averages. By 2011, the Quantum Fund had grown to approximately $25 billion in assets under management, representing the majority of Soros's overall net worth at that time.<ref name="bi-profile" />
=== Founding of Hedge Funds ===


The Quantum Fund became one of the most successful hedge funds in history, and Soros's management of the fund established him as one of the foremost practitioners of global macro investing—a strategy that involves taking large positions in currencies, interest rates, commodities, and equity markets based on macroeconomic analysis and geopolitical assessments.
In 1969, Soros established his first hedge fund, Double Eagle.<ref name="cnn" /> The profits generated by Double Eagle provided the seed capital for Soros Fund Management, his second and more significant fund, which he founded in 1970. Double Eagle was subsequently renamed the Quantum Fund and became the principal investment vehicle that Soros managed and advised. At its founding, the Quantum Fund had approximately $12 million in assets under management. Over the following decades, the fund grew substantially; as of 2011, it held approximately $25 billion in assets, representing the majority of Soros's overall net worth.<ref name="forbes" />


=== Black Wednesday and "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" ===
The Quantum Fund became one of the most successful hedge funds in history, generating average annual returns that placed it among the top-performing funds of its era. Soros's investment strategy drew upon his theory of reflexivity, which he had developed from his philosophical studies at LSE. He applied this framework to identify mispriced assets, anticipate market movements driven by feedback loops between perception and reality, and execute large-scale trades in currency, equity, and commodity markets.


Soros's most famous trade occurred during the 1992 Black Wednesday currency crisis in the United Kingdom. On September 16, 1992, the British government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after being unable to keep the pound above its agreed lower limit. Soros had anticipated this outcome and positioned his fund accordingly.
=== Black Wednesday and the British Pound ===


Soros short-sold approximately US$10 billion worth of pounds sterling, betting that the British currency was overvalued within the ERM and that the Bank of England would ultimately be unable to defend the peg. When the pound collapsed and the UK withdrew from the ERM, Soros's position yielded a profit estimated at approximately $1 billion.<ref name="bloomberg" /> The trade earned him the lasting epithet "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England," a phrase that became synonymous with Soros in financial circles and popular media worldwide.<ref name="bbc" />
Soros achieved international prominence — and earned the epithet "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" — through his actions during the Black Wednesday currency crisis of September 16, 1992. In the lead-up to the crisis, Soros and his fund took a massive short position against the British pound sterling, betting that the currency was overvalued within the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and that the British government would be unable to maintain the pound's value at the mandated level.


The Black Wednesday trade exemplified Soros's approach to investing: a willingness to take large, concentrated positions based on macroeconomic analysis and a conviction that market imbalances, when they become severe enough, will inevitably correct. The trade also demonstrated the enormous influence that large institutional investors and hedge funds could exert on global currency markets, prompting broader discussions about the regulation of speculative capital flows.
Soros's short sale totaled approximately US$10 billion worth of pounds sterling.<ref>{{cite web |title=The man who moves markets |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets |publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=1993-08-22 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> When the British government was forced to withdraw the pound from the ERM and allow it to devalue, Soros realized a profit of approximately $1 billion on the trade. The event made Soros one of the most famous — and, in the United Kingdom, one of the most controversial — figures in global finance. The Black Wednesday trade demonstrated the capacity of large hedge funds to exert significant pressure on national currencies and central banks, and it prompted extensive debate about the regulation of international currency speculation.


=== Theory of Reflexivity ===
=== Continued Investment Activities ===


Drawing on his philosophical training at the London School of Economics, Soros developed the general theory of reflexivity for capital markets. The theory posits that market prices are not simply passive reflections of underlying fundamentals but are themselves influenced by the perceptions, biases, and actions of market participants. In Soros's framework, there is a two-way feedback loop between market participants' thinking and the situations in which they participate: participants' views influence events, and events in turn influence participants' views.<ref name="bi-profile" />
Soros continued to manage and advise the Quantum Fund and related investment vehicles throughout the 1990s and 2000s. In 2011, Soros Fund Management returned outside investors' money and converted to a family office, continuing to manage Soros's personal and family wealth.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |title=A Bearish George Soros Is Trading Again |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-bearish-george-soros-is-trading-again-1465429163 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Soros applied the theory of reflexivity to provide insights into asset bubbles, the relationship between fundamental value and market value of securities, and value discrepancies that could be exploited through strategies such as shorting and swapping stocks. He argued that the traditional economic assumption of market equilibrium was flawed because it failed to account for the self-reinforcing dynamics that can drive prices far from fundamental values, creating boom-and-bust cycles.<ref name="salon" />
In 2016, The Wall Street Journal reported that Soros had returned to active trading, taking bearish positions in the market.<ref name="wsj" /> His fund continued to make significant market moves in subsequent years. In the fourth quarter of 2025, Soros Fund Management made substantial investments in artificial intelligence-related stocks, purchasing approximately $137 million in AI chip stocks, including increased positions in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and Nvidia, while also opening a new position in Coinbase and trimming holdings in Alphabet.<ref>{{cite news |date=2026-02-19 |title=Billionaire George Soros buys $137M in AI chips, trims Alphabet |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/billionaire-george-soros-buys-137m-in-ai-chips-trims-alphabet |work=TheStreet |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Billionaire George Soros Increases TSMC and Nvidia Positions and Buys Coinbase Stock in Q4 |url=https://coincentral.com/billionaire-george-soros-increases-tsmc-and-nvidia-positions-and-buys-coinbase-stock-in-q4/ |publisher=CoinCentral |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Soros articulated these ideas in several books, including ''The Alchemy of Finance'' (1987), in which he laid out his investment philosophy and the theoretical framework underlying his trading approach. The theory of reflexivity has been discussed and debated within both academic economics and the investment community.
=== Philanthropic Work and the Open Society Foundations ===


=== Later Investment Activities ===
Soros's philanthropic activities represent one of the largest and most sustained individual charitable commitments in modern history. Through the Open Society Foundations — named after Karl Popper's philosophical concept — Soros has donated more than $32 billion to various causes. Of that amount, approximately $15 billion had been distributed as of 2025, representing approximately 64 percent of his original fortune.<ref name="forbes" /> Forbes described Soros as the "most generous giver" in terms of percentage of net worth in 2020.


Soros continued to be active in financial markets through Soros Fund Management in the decades following Black Wednesday. In 2016, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that Soros had returned to active trading, taking bearish positions in global markets.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |title=A Bearish George Soros Is Trading Again |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-bearish-george-soros-is-trading-again-1465429163 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=2016-06-09 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Between 1979 and 2011, Soros donated more than $11 billion to philanthropic causes. By 2017, his cumulative donations to "civil initiatives to reduce poverty and increase transparency, and on scholarships and universities around the world" had reached $12 billion.<ref name="bbc" /> The Open Society Foundations operate in more than 120 countries and focus on a range of issues including democratic governance, human rights, education, public health, and independent media.


In the fourth quarter of 2025, Soros Fund Management made significant changes to its U.S. stock portfolio, increasing its positions in artificial intelligence-related semiconductor stocks. The fund purchased approximately $137 million in AI chip stocks, including expanded holdings in companies such as TSMC and Nvidia, while trimming its position in Alphabet. The fund also opened a new position in Coinbase, the cryptocurrency exchange.<ref name="thestreet">{{cite news |title=Billionaire George Soros buys $137M in AI chips, trims Alphabet |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/billionaire-george-soros-buys-137m-in-ai-chips-trims-alphabet |work=TheStreet |date=2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref name="coincentral">{{cite web |title=Billionaire George Soros Increases TSMC and Nvidia Positions and Buys Coinbase Stock in Q4 |url=https://coincentral.com/billionaire-george-soros-increases-tsmc-and-nvidia-positions-and-buys-coinbase-stock-in-q4/ |publisher=CoinCentral |date=2025 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Soros's philanthropic work played a notable role in the political transformations that swept Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His funding of civil society organizations, independent media, and educational institutions in countries under communist rule contributed to the processes that led to the fall of communism in the region.<ref name="bbc" /> Among his most significant educational investments was the establishment and endowment of the Central European University (CEU), originally located in Budapest, which received one of Europe's largest higher education endowments. The university, founded in 1991, was designed to promote critical thinking, open inquiry, and democratic values in post-communist societies.


== Philanthropy ==
=== Political Activities and Controversies ===


=== Open Society Foundations ===
Soros supports progressive and liberal political causes and has made substantial donations to political campaigns, organizations, and advocacy groups, primarily in the United States and Europe.<ref name="bbc" /> His political donations and the activities of the Open Society Foundations have generated significant controversy, particularly among conservative and far-right political movements.


Soros is the founder and chairman of the Open Society Foundations (OSF), a network of philanthropic organizations active in more than 120 countries. Named after Karl Popper's concept of the open society, the OSF supports initiatives related to democracy, human rights, government transparency, civil liberties, education, and public health.<ref name="bbc" />
In the United States, Soros has been a major donor to Democratic Party causes and candidates. His political activities have drawn scrutiny and opposition from Republican officials. In August 2025, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton announced an investigation into a political action committee described as "Soros-funded" in connection with its alleged funding of Democratic legislators in Texas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attorney General Ken Paxton Launches Investigation into Soros-Funded PAC for Unlawfully Funding Runaway Democrat Legislators |url=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-launches-investigation-soros-funded-pac-unlawfully-funding-runaway |publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Texas |date=2025-08-07 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> In September 2025, The New York Times reported that a Justice Department official directed prosecutors to investigate the Open Society Foundations, describing the directive as a departure from decades of established practice separating political direction from prosecutorial decisions.<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=Justice Dept. Official Pushes Prosecutors to Investigate George Soros's Foundation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/us/politics/justice-trump-george-soros-foundation.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Soros began his philanthropic activities in 1979, when he started providing scholarships to Black students in South Africa during the apartheid era. His giving expanded significantly in the 1980s, particularly in Eastern Europe, where he funded programs aimed at supporting civil society and promoting democratic governance in countries under communist rule. His influence and financial support played a role in the transitions from communism in several Eastern European countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="bbc" />
Soros's funding activities have also made him what the BBC described as a "bugaboo of European nationalists."<ref name="bbc" /> In Hungary, the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán conducted a sustained public campaign against Soros, framing him as an outside influence attempting to undermine Hungarian sovereignty, particularly in the context of debates over immigration policy. The pressure contributed to the Central European University's decision to relocate much of its operations from Budapest to Vienna in 2018.


Between 1979 and 2011, Soros donated more than $11 billion to various philanthropic causes. By 2017, his cumulative donations to initiatives aimed at reducing poverty, increasing transparency, and supporting scholarships and universities around the world had reached approximately $12 billion.<ref name="bbc" /> As of 2025, Soros has donated more than $32 billion to the Open Society Foundations, of which $15 billion has already been distributed, representing approximately 64 percent of his original fortune. In 2020, Forbes described Soros as the "most generous giver" in terms of the percentage of net worth donated.<ref name="forbes" />
Numerous far-right theorists have promoted conspiracy theories characterizing Soros as a "puppet master" behind alleged global plots. These claims, directed at a Holocaust survivor, have been described by multiple observers and media organizations as antisemitic in nature.<ref name="bbc" /> In 2018, The New York Times reported that "conspiracy theories about him have gone mainstream, to nearly every corner of the Republican Party."
 
=== Central European University ===
 
One of Soros's most significant educational philanthropic projects was the founding and endowment of Central European University (CEU), which was established in 1991 in Budapest, Hungary. The university was created as a graduate institution focused on the social sciences, humanities, and public policy, with a mission to promote the values of open society and critical thinking in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. Soros provided one of Europe's largest higher education endowments to the institution.<ref name="bbc" />
 
=== Political Activities ===
 
Soros has been a significant donor to progressive and liberal political causes in the United States and elsewhere. His political donations and the activities of organizations funded through the Open Society Foundations have generated substantial public debate and political controversy.<ref name="bbc" />
 
In 2025, the office of the Attorney General of Texas announced an investigation into the Texas Majority PAC, described as a political action committee that had received funding connected to Soros, alleging unlawful funding of Democratic legislators.<ref name="txag">{{cite web |title=Attorney General Ken Paxton Launches Investigation into Soros-Funded PAC for Unlawfully Funding Runaway Democrat Legislators |url=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-launches-investigation-soros-funded-pac-unlawfully-funding-runaway |publisher=Office of the Attorney General of Texas |date=2025-08-07 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Also in 2025, ''The New York Times'' reported that a U.S. Department of Justice official directed prosecutors to investigate the Open Society Foundations, a directive the newspaper characterized as a departure from decades of past practice intended to shield law enforcement from political influence.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-09-25 |title=Justice Dept. Official Pushes Prosecutors to Investigate George Soros's Foundation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/us/politics/justice-trump-george-soros-foundation.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


== Personal Life ==
== Personal Life ==


Soros has been married three times. His first marriage was to Annaliese Witschak in 1960; the couple divorced in 1983. He married Susan Weber, a historian, in 1983; they divorced in 2005. Soros married Tamiko Bolton in 2013.<ref name="cnn" /> He has five children, including Robert, Jonathan, and Alexander Soros.<ref name="forbes" /> His son Alexander Soros has taken on an increasingly prominent role in the management of the Open Society Foundations and Soros family philanthropic activities.
George Soros has been married three times. He married Annaliese Witschak in 1960; the couple divorced in 1983. He married historian Susan Weber in 1983; they divorced in 2005. In 2013, he married Tamiko Bolton.<ref name="cnn" /> Soros has five children, including Robert, Jonathan, and Alexander Soros. Alexander Soros has taken on an increasingly prominent role in the management of the Open Society Foundations and Soros Fund Management.


Soros's older brother, Paul Soros (1926–2013), was a mechanical engineer and philanthropist who established the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans, a graduate school fellowship program for immigrants and children of immigrants in the United States.<ref name="bi-profile" />
Soros's father, Tivadar Soros, authored a memoir about the family's survival during the Nazi occupation of Hungary. Soros's brother, Paul Soros (1926–2013), was an engineer and philanthropist who established the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans, which provides graduate school funding to immigrants and children of immigrants in the United States.


Soros holds both Hungarian and American citizenship.<ref name="forbes" />
Soros has authored numerous books on finance, economics, and political philosophy, articulating his theory of reflexivity and his views on open societies, globalization, and the challenges facing democratic governance.


== Recognition ==
== Recognition ==


=== Awards and Honors ===
Soros has received numerous awards and honors in recognition of his investment career and philanthropic activities. In 2025, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the highest civilian honors in the United States.<ref name="cnn" />


In 2025, Soros was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.<ref name="cnn" />
Also in 2025, Soros was awarded the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma, in recognition of his contributions to civil rights and his support for marginalized communities across Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Soros Awarded the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/george-soros-awarded-european-civil-rights-prize-of-the-sinti-and-roma |publisher=Open Society Foundations |date=2025-10-22 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>


Also in 2025, Soros received the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma, awarded in recognition of his contributions to civil rights and his support for marginalized communities across Europe.<ref name="osf-prize">{{cite web |title=George Soros Awarded the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/george-soros-awarded-european-civil-rights-prize-of-the-sinti-and-roma |publisher=Open Society Foundations |date=2025-10-22 |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
Forbes has consistently ranked Soros among the wealthiest individuals in the world and in 2020 recognized him as the "most generous giver" based on the proportion of his fortune donated to charitable causes.<ref name="forbes" /> He has received honorary degrees from multiple universities and has been recognized by various international organizations for his contributions to education, human rights, and democratic development.


Soros has been the subject of extensive media coverage throughout his career. He has been profiled in outlets including Bloomberg Businessweek, which in 1993 published a feature titled "The Man Who Moves Markets,"<ref name="bloomberg" /> and has appeared consistently on the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest individuals.<ref name="forbes" />
The Central European University, which Soros founded and endowed, stands as one of his most visible institutional legacies in the field of education. The university has educated thousands of students from across Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and its programs in the social sciences, humanities, and public policy have contributed to the development of academic and civic capacity in the region.
 
=== Conspiracy Theories and Controversies ===
 
Soros's extensive funding of political and social causes has made him a frequent target of criticism, particularly from nationalist and far-right political movements in both Europe and the United States. The BBC has described Soros as a "bugaboo of European nationalists."<ref name="bbc" /> Numerous theories have characterized Soros as a figure exercising hidden influence over global events. Critics and scholars, including the BBC, have noted that many of these characterizations carry antisemitic overtones, given that Soros is a Holocaust survivor and that the tropes employed echo historical antisemitic conspiracy narratives about Jewish control of financial and political systems.<ref name="bbc" />
 
In 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that conspiracy theories about Soros had entered the mainstream of the Republican Party in the United States. In Hungary, the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán conducted a sustained public campaign against Soros, framing him as a threat to Hungarian sovereignty due to his support for refugee resettlement and civil society organizations. These campaigns led to legislation widely referred to as the "Stop Soros" laws.<ref name="bbc" />


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==


George Soros's legacy spans the domains of finance, philanthropy, and political philosophy. In financial markets, his career as a hedge fund manager—spanning more than four decades—established practices and strategies in global macro investing that influenced subsequent generations of fund managers. The Quantum Fund, under his guidance, became one of the most profitable investment vehicles of the twentieth century, and his 1992 trade against the British pound remains one of the most referenced events in the history of currency markets.<ref name="bloomberg" />
George Soros's legacy spans the worlds of finance, philanthropy, and political thought. In finance, his career demonstrated the power of macroeconomic analysis and large-scale currency trading, with the Black Wednesday trade of 1992 standing as one of the most consequential speculative trades in modern financial history. His theory of reflexivity, drawn from his philosophical training, offered a framework for understanding market behavior that challenged prevailing assumptions about market efficiency and rationality.


His theory of reflexivity introduced a philosophical dimension to the analysis of financial markets, challenging the efficient-market hypothesis and the assumptions underlying much of mainstream financial economics. While the theory has been debated in academic circles, it has found a receptive audience among practitioners of macro investing and has contributed to broader discussions about market instability and the formation of asset bubbles.<ref name="salon" />
In philanthropy, Soros's cumulative giving of more than $32 billion through the Open Society Foundations represents one of the largest individual philanthropic commitments ever recorded. The scope of the foundations' work — spanning more than 120 countries and addressing issues from democratic governance to public health to education — has had a measurable impact on civil society development in numerous regions, particularly in post-communist Eastern Europe and Central Asia.


As a philanthropist, Soros's contributions through the Open Society Foundations have had measurable effects on education, public health, and civil society in dozens of countries. His role in supporting the democratic transitions in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s and his founding of Central European University represent enduring contributions to the intellectual and institutional infrastructure of post-communist societies.<ref name="bbc" />
Soros's role in supporting the political transitions in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, through his funding of independent media, civic organizations, and educational institutions, placed him at the intersection of philanthropy and geopolitics in a manner that few private individuals have achieved. The Central European University, despite the political controversies that eventually forced its partial relocation from Budapest, remains a significant institution in European higher education.


At the same time, Soros's political activities have made him one of the most polarizing figures in contemporary public life. His funding of progressive causes has drawn sustained opposition from conservative and nationalist movements worldwide, and his name has become a touchstone in debates about the role of wealthy individuals in democratic politics. The antisemitic dimensions of many attacks directed at Soros have been documented by journalists and scholars and remain a subject of ongoing public concern.<ref name="bbc" />
At the same time, Soros's political activities and the scale of his philanthropic operations have made him a polarizing figure. He has been the subject of intense political opposition from nationalist and conservative movements in both Europe and the United States, and conspiracy theories targeting him have proliferated across political and media platforms. The antisemitic character of many of these attacks has been documented by journalists and scholars, placing Soros at the center of broader debates about the intersection of philanthropy, political influence, and prejudice in contemporary public life.
 
As of the mid-2020s, Soros Fund Management remained active in global markets, making significant investments in emerging sectors such as artificial intelligence.<ref name="thestreet" /> Soros's philanthropic network continued to operate across more than 120 countries, and the transition of leadership within the Soros family to the next generation suggested that the Open Society Foundations would continue to be a major force in global philanthropy for years to come.


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />


[[Category:Investors]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Finance]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people]]
[[Category:People from Budapest]]
[[Category:Hungarian-American people]]
[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:Philanthropists]]
[[Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hedge fund managers]]
[[Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:London School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American hedge fund managers]]
[[Category:American investors]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Currency traders]]
[[Category:Holocaust survivors]]
[[Category:Holocaust survivors]]
[[Category:Open Society Foundations people]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:American political donors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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Latest revision as of 01:58, 24 February 2026


George Soros
Soros in 2017
George Soros
BornGyörgy Schwartz
12 8, 1930
BirthplaceBudapest, Kingdom of Hungary
NationalityHungarian, American
OccupationInvestor, philanthropist
Known forQuantum Fund, Open Society Foundations, Black Wednesday currency trade
EducationLondon School of Economics (BSc, MSc)
Spouse(s)Template:Plainlist
Children5
AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom (2025), European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma (2025)
Website[[opensocietyfoundations.org opensocietyfoundations.org] Official site]

George Soros (born György Schwartz; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American investor and philanthropist whose career across more than six decades has made him one of the most prominent figures in global finance and international philanthropy. Born in Budapest to a non-observant Jewish family, Soros survived the Nazi occupation of Hungary during World War II, an experience that shaped his worldview and later philanthropic commitments. After emigrating to the United Kingdom in 1947, he studied philosophy at the London School of Economics before embarking on a career in finance that would take him from London merchant banks to the pinnacle of the hedge fund industry in New York. He is known internationally as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" for his short sale of approximately US$10 billion worth of pounds sterling during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis, a trade that earned him a profit of roughly $1 billion.[1] Through the Open Society Foundations, Soros has donated more than $32 billion to philanthropic causes, making him, according to Forbes, the "most generous giver" in terms of percentage of net worth.[2] His philanthropic activities have focused on promoting civil society, transparency, education, and poverty reduction around the world, while also making him a frequent target of political controversy and conspiracy theories.

Early Life

George Soros was born György Schwartz on August 12, 1930, in Budapest, in the Kingdom of Hungary, to a non-observant Jewish family.[3] His father, Tivadar Soros, was an attorney and a survivor of Russian captivity during World War I. Tivadar, who was an Esperanto speaker and author, changed the family surname from Schwartz to Soros — a word that in Esperanto means "will soar."[4] His brother, Paul Soros, would later become an engineer and philanthropist in the United States.

The Nazi occupation of Hungary in 1944 placed the Soros family in immediate mortal danger. Tivadar Soros, drawing upon his survival instincts honed during World War I, arranged for the family to assume false identities and secure forged documents that concealed their Jewish heritage.[5] The young George survived the occupation through these measures, an experience that profoundly influenced his later thinking about open societies, authoritarianism, and the fragility of democratic institutions. The trauma of living under first Nazi and then Soviet totalitarian regimes became a formative element in Soros's intellectual development and his eventual dedication to supporting open societies around the world.

In 1947, at the age of 17, Soros left Hungary and emigrated to the United Kingdom.[3] Post-war Budapest, falling increasingly under Soviet domination, offered limited prospects, and Soros sought educational and economic opportunities in the West. His departure from Hungary marked the beginning of a new chapter that would take him from the circumstances of a wartime refugee to the world of international finance and global philanthropy.

Education

Soros enrolled at the London School of Economics (LSE), one of the United Kingdom's leading institutions for the social sciences.[6] He studied philosophy and was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in philosophy in 1951. He continued his studies at LSE and received a Master of Science degree, also in philosophy, in 1954.[3]

During his time at the London School of Economics, Soros was influenced by the philosopher Karl Popper, whose work The Open Society and Its Enemies articulated a defense of liberal democracy against totalitarianism. Popper's concept of the "open society" — a society characterized by a reliance on critical thinking, tolerance, and the rule of law — left a lasting impression on Soros and became the intellectual foundation for much of his later philanthropic work. The name of his principal philanthropic organization, the Open Society Foundations, is a direct reference to Popper's philosophy.[5]

Based on his philosophical studies, Soros later formulated what he called the "general theory of reflexivity" for capital markets. This theory posits that market participants' biased perceptions can influence the fundamentals that those perceptions are supposed to reflect, creating feedback loops that lead to asset bubbles and market distortions. Soros applied this framework throughout his investment career as a tool for identifying value discrepancies and making trading decisions, including those involving shorting and swapping stocks.

Career

Early Career in Finance

After completing his studies at the London School of Economics, Soros began his professional career working in merchant banks in the United Kingdom. He subsequently moved to the United States, where he continued working in finance at American merchant banks and brokerage firms. During this period, Soros developed his understanding of international financial markets and honed the analytical skills that would define his later career as a hedge fund manager.[7]

Founding of Hedge Funds

In 1969, Soros established his first hedge fund, Double Eagle.[3] The profits generated by Double Eagle provided the seed capital for Soros Fund Management, his second and more significant fund, which he founded in 1970. Double Eagle was subsequently renamed the Quantum Fund and became the principal investment vehicle that Soros managed and advised. At its founding, the Quantum Fund had approximately $12 million in assets under management. Over the following decades, the fund grew substantially; as of 2011, it held approximately $25 billion in assets, representing the majority of Soros's overall net worth.[2]

The Quantum Fund became one of the most successful hedge funds in history, generating average annual returns that placed it among the top-performing funds of its era. Soros's investment strategy drew upon his theory of reflexivity, which he had developed from his philosophical studies at LSE. He applied this framework to identify mispriced assets, anticipate market movements driven by feedback loops between perception and reality, and execute large-scale trades in currency, equity, and commodity markets.

Black Wednesday and the British Pound

Soros achieved international prominence — and earned the epithet "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" — through his actions during the Black Wednesday currency crisis of September 16, 1992. In the lead-up to the crisis, Soros and his fund took a massive short position against the British pound sterling, betting that the currency was overvalued within the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and that the British government would be unable to maintain the pound's value at the mandated level.

Soros's short sale totaled approximately US$10 billion worth of pounds sterling.[8] When the British government was forced to withdraw the pound from the ERM and allow it to devalue, Soros realized a profit of approximately $1 billion on the trade. The event made Soros one of the most famous — and, in the United Kingdom, one of the most controversial — figures in global finance. The Black Wednesday trade demonstrated the capacity of large hedge funds to exert significant pressure on national currencies and central banks, and it prompted extensive debate about the regulation of international currency speculation.

Continued Investment Activities

Soros continued to manage and advise the Quantum Fund and related investment vehicles throughout the 1990s and 2000s. In 2011, Soros Fund Management returned outside investors' money and converted to a family office, continuing to manage Soros's personal and family wealth.[9]

In 2016, The Wall Street Journal reported that Soros had returned to active trading, taking bearish positions in the market.[9] His fund continued to make significant market moves in subsequent years. In the fourth quarter of 2025, Soros Fund Management made substantial investments in artificial intelligence-related stocks, purchasing approximately $137 million in AI chip stocks, including increased positions in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and Nvidia, while also opening a new position in Coinbase and trimming holdings in Alphabet.[10][11]

Philanthropic Work and the Open Society Foundations

Soros's philanthropic activities represent one of the largest and most sustained individual charitable commitments in modern history. Through the Open Society Foundations — named after Karl Popper's philosophical concept — Soros has donated more than $32 billion to various causes. Of that amount, approximately $15 billion had been distributed as of 2025, representing approximately 64 percent of his original fortune.[2] Forbes described Soros as the "most generous giver" in terms of percentage of net worth in 2020.

Between 1979 and 2011, Soros donated more than $11 billion to philanthropic causes. By 2017, his cumulative donations to "civil initiatives to reduce poverty and increase transparency, and on scholarships and universities around the world" had reached $12 billion.[5] The Open Society Foundations operate in more than 120 countries and focus on a range of issues including democratic governance, human rights, education, public health, and independent media.

Soros's philanthropic work played a notable role in the political transformations that swept Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His funding of civil society organizations, independent media, and educational institutions in countries under communist rule contributed to the processes that led to the fall of communism in the region.[5] Among his most significant educational investments was the establishment and endowment of the Central European University (CEU), originally located in Budapest, which received one of Europe's largest higher education endowments. The university, founded in 1991, was designed to promote critical thinking, open inquiry, and democratic values in post-communist societies.

Political Activities and Controversies

Soros supports progressive and liberal political causes and has made substantial donations to political campaigns, organizations, and advocacy groups, primarily in the United States and Europe.[5] His political donations and the activities of the Open Society Foundations have generated significant controversy, particularly among conservative and far-right political movements.

In the United States, Soros has been a major donor to Democratic Party causes and candidates. His political activities have drawn scrutiny and opposition from Republican officials. In August 2025, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton announced an investigation into a political action committee described as "Soros-funded" in connection with its alleged funding of Democratic legislators in Texas.[12] In September 2025, The New York Times reported that a Justice Department official directed prosecutors to investigate the Open Society Foundations, describing the directive as a departure from decades of established practice separating political direction from prosecutorial decisions.[13]

Soros's funding activities have also made him what the BBC described as a "bugaboo of European nationalists."[5] In Hungary, the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán conducted a sustained public campaign against Soros, framing him as an outside influence attempting to undermine Hungarian sovereignty, particularly in the context of debates over immigration policy. The pressure contributed to the Central European University's decision to relocate much of its operations from Budapest to Vienna in 2018.

Numerous far-right theorists have promoted conspiracy theories characterizing Soros as a "puppet master" behind alleged global plots. These claims, directed at a Holocaust survivor, have been described by multiple observers and media organizations as antisemitic in nature.[5] In 2018, The New York Times reported that "conspiracy theories about him have gone mainstream, to nearly every corner of the Republican Party."

Personal Life

George Soros has been married three times. He married Annaliese Witschak in 1960; the couple divorced in 1983. He married historian Susan Weber in 1983; they divorced in 2005. In 2013, he married Tamiko Bolton.[3] Soros has five children, including Robert, Jonathan, and Alexander Soros. Alexander Soros has taken on an increasingly prominent role in the management of the Open Society Foundations and Soros Fund Management.

Soros's father, Tivadar Soros, authored a memoir about the family's survival during the Nazi occupation of Hungary. Soros's brother, Paul Soros (1926–2013), was an engineer and philanthropist who established the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans, which provides graduate school funding to immigrants and children of immigrants in the United States.

Soros has authored numerous books on finance, economics, and political philosophy, articulating his theory of reflexivity and his views on open societies, globalization, and the challenges facing democratic governance.

Recognition

Soros has received numerous awards and honors in recognition of his investment career and philanthropic activities. In 2025, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the highest civilian honors in the United States.[3]

Also in 2025, Soros was awarded the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma, in recognition of his contributions to civil rights and his support for marginalized communities across Europe.[14]

Forbes has consistently ranked Soros among the wealthiest individuals in the world and in 2020 recognized him as the "most generous giver" based on the proportion of his fortune donated to charitable causes.[2] He has received honorary degrees from multiple universities and has been recognized by various international organizations for his contributions to education, human rights, and democratic development.

The Central European University, which Soros founded and endowed, stands as one of his most visible institutional legacies in the field of education. The university has educated thousands of students from across Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and its programs in the social sciences, humanities, and public policy have contributed to the development of academic and civic capacity in the region.

Legacy

George Soros's legacy spans the worlds of finance, philanthropy, and political thought. In finance, his career demonstrated the power of macroeconomic analysis and large-scale currency trading, with the Black Wednesday trade of 1992 standing as one of the most consequential speculative trades in modern financial history. His theory of reflexivity, drawn from his philosophical training, offered a framework for understanding market behavior that challenged prevailing assumptions about market efficiency and rationality.

In philanthropy, Soros's cumulative giving of more than $32 billion through the Open Society Foundations represents one of the largest individual philanthropic commitments ever recorded. The scope of the foundations' work — spanning more than 120 countries and addressing issues from democratic governance to public health to education — has had a measurable impact on civil society development in numerous regions, particularly in post-communist Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Soros's role in supporting the political transitions in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, through his funding of independent media, civic organizations, and educational institutions, placed him at the intersection of philanthropy and geopolitics in a manner that few private individuals have achieved. The Central European University, despite the political controversies that eventually forced its partial relocation from Budapest, remains a significant institution in European higher education.

At the same time, Soros's political activities and the scale of his philanthropic operations have made him a polarizing figure. He has been the subject of intense political opposition from nationalist and conservative movements in both Europe and the United States, and conspiracy theories targeting him have proliferated across political and media platforms. The antisemitic character of many of these attacks has been documented by journalists and scholars, placing Soros at the center of broader debates about the intersection of philanthropy, political influence, and prejudice in contemporary public life.

References

  1. ↑ "The man who moves markets".Bloomberg Businessweek.1993-08-22.https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "George Soros".Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/profile/george-soros/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "George Soros Fast Facts".CNN.2025-07-30.https://www.cnn.com/world/george-soros-fast-facts.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  4. ↑ "George Soros biography".Business Insider.2017-01.http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 "George Soros: The billionaire at the heart of a conspiracy theory".BBC News.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44301342.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  6. ↑ "Famous alumni from LSE".Business Insider.2015-10.https://www.businessinsider.com/famous-alumni-from-lse-2015-10.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  7. ↑ "George Soros billionaire investor profile".Business Insider.2017-01.http://www.businessinsider.com/george-soros-billionaire-investor-profile-2017-1.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  8. ↑ "The man who moves markets".Bloomberg Businessweek.1993-08-22.https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-08-22/the-man-who-moves-markets.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A Bearish George Soros Is Trading Again".The Wall Street Journal.https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-bearish-george-soros-is-trading-again-1465429163.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  10. ↑ "Billionaire George Soros buys $137M in AI chips, trims Alphabet".TheStreet.2026-02-19.https://www.thestreet.com/investing/billionaire-george-soros-buys-137m-in-ai-chips-trims-alphabet.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  11. ↑ "Billionaire George Soros Increases TSMC and Nvidia Positions and Buys Coinbase Stock in Q4".CoinCentral.https://coincentral.com/billionaire-george-soros-increases-tsmc-and-nvidia-positions-and-buys-coinbase-stock-in-q4/.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  12. ↑ "Attorney General Ken Paxton Launches Investigation into Soros-Funded PAC for Unlawfully Funding Runaway Democrat Legislators".Office of the Attorney General of Texas.2025-08-07.https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/attorney-general-ken-paxton-launches-investigation-soros-funded-pac-unlawfully-funding-runaway.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  13. ↑ "Justice Dept. Official Pushes Prosecutors to Investigate George Soros's Foundation".The New York Times.2025-09-25.https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/us/politics/justice-trump-george-soros-foundation.html.Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  14. ↑ "George Soros Awarded the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma".Open Society Foundations.2025-10-22.https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/george-soros-awarded-european-civil-rights-prize-of-the-sinti-and-roma.Retrieved 2026-02-23.

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